1.

Intro anomalous Hall effect

2. Berry phase and Karplus-Luttinger theory
3. Anomalous Nernst Effect in CuCr
2
Se
4
4. Nernst effect from anomalous velocity
Geometry and the intrinsic
Anomalous Hall and Nernst effects

Wei-Li Lee, Satoshi Watauchi, Virginia L. Miller, R. J. Cava, and N. P. O.
Princeton University
Supported by NSF
ISQM-Tokyo05
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
25
75
125

0
H ( T )
300
200
150
100
50
300
250

x
y

(

O
m

)
250
225
200
175
150
50
100
5 K

x
y

(

O
m

)

0
H ( T )
10 5 K
25
75
275
125
175
225
x = 1.0 x = 0.85



Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in ferromagnet (CuCr
2
Se
4
: Br)
xy xy
H R
'
+ =
0
M R
s xy
= '
J
x
y
H
A brief History of the Anomalous Hall Effect
1954 Karplus Luttinger; transport theory on lattice
Discovered anomalous velocity v = eE x O.
Earliest example of Berry-phase physics in solids.
1955 Smit introduced skew-scattering model (semi-classical). Expts confusing
1958-1964 Adams, Blount, Luttinger
Elaborations of anomalous velocity in KL theory
1962 Kondo, Marazana Applied skew-scattering model to
rare-earth magnets (s-f model) but R
H
off by many orders of magnitude.
1970s Berger Side-jump model (extrinsic effect)
1973 Nozieres Lewiner AHE in semiconductor. Recover Yafet result (CESR)
1975-85 Expt. support for skew-scattering in dilute
Kondo systems (param. host). Luttinger theory recedes.
1983 Berry phase theorem. Topological theories of Hall effect
1890? Observation of AHE in Ni by Erwin Hall
1935 Pugh showed
xy
~ M
1999-2003 Berry phase derivation of Luttinger velocity
(Onoda, Nagaosa, Niu, Jungwirth, MacDonald, Murakami, Zhang, Haldane)
Parallel transport of vector v on curved surface
Constrain v in local tangent plane; no rotation about e
3
e
3
x dv = 0
Parallel transport
complex vectors 2 / w) (v

i + = 2
2 1
/ ) e (e n

i + =
angular rotatn is a phase
o i
e n

=
n

id d = o
constraint angle
v acquires geometric
angle o relative to local e
1

Change Hamiltonian H(r,R) by evolving R(t)
Constrain electron to remain in one state |n,R)
Electron wavefcn, constrained to surface |nR), acquires Berry phase o
R R R n i n d V =
}
o
|n,R) defines surface
in Hilbert space
Parallel transport
R R n i n c = co
o

i
e R n =
0 = c i
|n,R)
Berry phase and Geometry
Electrons on a Bravais Lattice 1
Berry vector potential
(r) (r)
k
r . k
n
i
n
u e =
k

Bloch state
k k
*
k k
X
n n
u i u x d
cell
V =
}
3
Constraint! Confined to one band
k
k
c(k)
Adams
Blount
Wannier
x . E (k) e H = c perturbation
Drift in k space, ket acquires phase
_

i
e nk | | =
k | | k n i n c = c_
}
= X(k) . k d _
Parallel transport
n

id d = o
X(k)) ( (k)
k
+ V + = i V H
ext
c
X(k)
k
V = O

k
O
E
k-space
O V =

E (k) v
k
e c
Semiclassical eqn of motion
ext
V H H + =
0
V
ext
causes k to change slowly
k k
k
*
X(k)
n
n u i u r d V =
}
3
Motion in k-space sees an effective magnetic field O
Equivalent semi-class. eqn of motion
x = R x = R + X(k)
Gauge transf.
x fails to commute with itself!
X(k) x + V =
k
i
X(k) , ] , [ V = O O =

k
ijk
j i
i x x c
(X(k) = intracell coord.)
In a weak electric field,
O V = =
=

E (k) x] , [ v
x . E
k
e H i
e H H
c
0
O(k) acts as a magnetic field in k-space,
a quantum area ~ unit cell.
Karplus-Luttinger, Adams, Blount,
Kohn, Luttinger, Wannier,
R
x
X(k)
| |

+ =
k
k k k
v J g f e
0
2
Karplus Luttinger theory of AHE
Boltzmann eqn.
Anomalous velocity
Equilibrium FD distribution contributes!
0
k
f
Anomalous Hall current
1. Independent of lifetime t (involves f
0
k
)

2. Requires sum over all k in Fermi Sea.
but see Haldane (PRL 2004)

3. Berry curvature vanishes if time-reversal symm. valid
k

k
k
k
v E t
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= e
f
g
0
(B = 0)
Berry curvature
k k k
E v V = e c
k
k
k
E J

=
0 2
H
2 f e
O =

2
e
n
xy
' o
Luttingers anomalous velocity theory

o
xy
indpt of t a
xy
~
2

Smits skew-scattering theory

o
xy
linear in t a
xy
~

In general,
xy
= o
xy

2
O =

2
e
n
xy
' o
KL theory
Anderson, Phys. Rev. 115, 2 (1959).
Kanamori, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 10, 87 (1959).
Goodenough, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30, 261 (1969)
Ferromagnetic Spinel CuCr
2
Se
4
Cu
Goodenough-Kanamori rules
180
o
bonds: AF
(superexch dominant)
90
o
bonds: ferromag.
(direct exch domin.)
O
Cu
Se
Cr
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x


T
C

(

K

)
X
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
5 K
x = 1.0
x = 0.85
x = 0.5
x = 0.25
x = 0
CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x


M

(

B

/

C
r
)

0
H ( T )
T
c
decreases slightly as x increases.
At 5 K, M
sat
~ 2.95
B
/Cr for x = 1.0
doping has little effect on ferromagnetism.
Effect of Br doping on magnetization
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0.01
0.1
1
10
0
0.1
0.25
0.5 (A,B)
0.6
0.85 (A)
0.85 (B)
1 (B)
x = 1 (A)
CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x

(

m

O
c
m

)
T( K )


At 5 K, increases over 3 orders as x goes from 0 to 1.0.
n
H
decreases linearly with x. , for x =1.0.

3 20
10 2

= cm n
H
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
n
H

(

p
e
r

F
.
U
.

)

CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x
n
H

(

1
0
2
1

c
m
-
3

)
X


x = 0.25, negative AHE at 5K.
x = 0.6 , positive AHE at 5K.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01

0
H ( T )
300
300 K
200
150
100
75
250

x
y

(

O
m

)
275
250
225
200
100-150 K
5-50

x
y

(

O
m

)

0
H ( T )
125
225
175
5-50
x = 0.6 x = 0.25




0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
25
75
125

0
H ( T )
300
200
150
100
50
300
250

x
y

(

O
m

)
250
225
200
175
150
50
100
5 K

x
y

(

O
m

)

0
H ( T )
10
5 K
25
75
275
125
175
225
x = 1.0 x = 0.85




Large positive AHE, at 5K, , x = 1 .
m
xy
O ~ 700
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025

0
H ( T )
300
350 K
350 K
200
150
100
50
300
250

x
y

(

O
m

)
275
250
225
200
175
150
50
100
5

x
y

(

O
m

)

0
H ( T )
5
x = 0.1
x = 0




x=0 , AHE unresolved below 100K.
x=0.1, non-vanishing negative AHE at 5 K.
Wei Li Lee et al. Science (2004)
If o
xy
~ n,

then

xy
/n ~ 1/(nt)
2
~
2

Observed A implies
<O>
1/2
~ 0.3 Angstrom
Fit to
xy
/n = A
2
O =

2
e
n
xy
' o
impurity scattering
regime


70-fold decrease in t,
from x = 0.1 to x =
0.85.
o
xy
/n is independent of
t

Strongest evidence to
date for the anomalous-
velocity theory

A n
A n
H xy
H xy
~
= ~
/
08 . 0 95 . 1 , /
'
'
o
o
o
M
J (per carrier)
J
H
(per carrier)
Bromine
dopant
conc.
E
Doping has no effect on anomalous Hall current J
H
per hole
With increasing disorder,
J decreases, but AHE J
H
is constant
V
y
H
H
T
E
x
y
V
E
y
/| | = Q
0
B + Q
S

0
M

Q
S
, isothermal anomalous Nernst coeff.
y
x
z
I = 0
T
x
V
T
x
V
Anomalous Nernst Effect
T
x
V
) ( T V o

H
x
y
z
E

o
o
u
u
Longitudinal and transverse charge currents in applied gradient
) .( E . J T V + = o o

xy xy y N
T E e o o + = V = | | /
Total charge current
Nernst signal
Measure , e
N
, S and tanu
H
to determine o
xy
Final constitutive eqn
H xy
S e u o tan
N
+ =
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
x = 0.25
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
10
5 K

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
10
5 K
x= 0.6
150
125
100
75
50
25
175-200

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
Wei Li Lee et al. PRL (04)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
x = 0.85
5 K
10
25
200
175
150
125
100
75
50

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
x = 1.0
350
300
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
15

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
) ( T J
x yx y
c = o
k k k
E v V = e c
l v
) (
k
k
k
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
o
f
T
s

z x x
s
xy
k v
f
T
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

k k
k
) (
c
c
o
Nernst effect current with Luttinger velocity
(KL velocity term)
Leading order
In E and (-grad T)
1. Dissipationless (indpt of t)
2. Spontaneous (indpt of H)
3. Prop. to angular-averaged O

Peltier
tensor
F
F
B
xy
N
N
T ek
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
O c
=
c
c
t
o
3
2
3
2
2

e
N
non-monotonic in x
o
xy
decreases monotonically with x
Wei Li Lee et al. PRL (04)
Empirically, o
xy
= gTN
F
3D density of states
F
B
xy
N
T ek
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
o
A = 34 A
2
Wei Li Lee et al. PRL (04)
F
F
B
xy
N
N
T ek
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
O c
=
c
c
t
o
3
2
3
2
2

Comp. with Luttinger result

Summary

1. Test of KL theory vs skew scattering in
ferromagnetic spinel CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x
.

2. Br doping x = 0 to 1 changes r by 1000 at 5 K


xy
= n A
2

3. Confirms existence of dissipationless current
Measured <O>
1/2
~ 0.3 A.

4. Measured o
xy
from Nernst, thermopower and Hall angle
Found o
xy
~ TN
F,
consistent with Luttinger velocity term



End
Parallel transport of a vector on a surface (Levi-Civita)
cone flattened on a plane
o = 2t(1-cosu)
e transported without twisting about normal r
Parallel transport on C : e.de = 0

e acquires geometric angle

o = 2t(1-cosu) on sphere
r
e
de
(Holonomy)
de normal to tangent plane
0

= c
Parallel transport
Local coord.
frame (u,v)
n

* n

c = c i o
}
c = n

* n

i o
e.de = 0
Generalize to complex vectors
Geometric phase o
i) arises from rotation of local coordinate frame,
ii) is given by overlap between n and dn.
Local tangent
plane
Nernst effect from Luttingers anomalous velocity
Area A is of the order of O ~ AxAy ~ 1/3 unit cell section
c
o
o
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|

xy
B
xy
e
T k
2
In general,
F
xy
N
c
c
c
o
F
B
xy
N
T ek
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
o
Since
we have
X(k) , ] , [ V = O O =

k
ijk
j i
i x x c
k k k
E v V = e c
Atom Electron on lattice
(R) A] )[ / (
R
V e i M H + V =
2
2 1
R
k
slow variable
Berry gauge potential
(r) (r)
k
r . k
n
i
n
u e =
k

Product wave fcn

) V ( = R | | R A
R
n i n
k k
k
*
X(k)
n
n u i u r d V =
}
3
magnetic field
A B V =
eff
X(k)
k
V = O

(r) (R) R) (r,

R n N
+ = +
int e N
H H H H + + = R) (r, (R)
ext
V H H + =
0
Hamiltonian
effective H (k) X(k)) (
k
c + + V = i V H
ext
fast variable r r in cell
Electrons on a Bravais Lattice 1
R
x
X(k)
Center of wave packet
Wannier coord. within unit cell
Berry vector potential
(r) (r)
k
r . k
n
i
n
u e =
k

Bloch state
k k
*
k k
X
n n
u i u x d
cell
V =
}
3
k
R V = i
k
X R x + =
Constraint! Confined to one band
k
k
c(k)
Adams
Blount
Wannier
A B V =
eff
R

I
B
eff
(R) A] )[ / (
R
V e i M H + V =
2
2 1
Berry phase in moving atom
Nuclear R(t) changes gradually but electron constrained to stay in state |n,R)
Electron wavefunction acquires Berry phase
Integrate over fast d.o.f.
Nucleus moves in an effective field
I
R

A . R
}
I
= d
B
_
) V ( = R | | R A
R
n i n
(Berry curvature)
(r) (R) R) (r,
R n N
+ = +
product wave fcn
B
i
e
_
+ +
R) (r, (R)
e N
H H H + =
+ g+exp(i_
B
)
Electron wavefcn acquires Berry phase
I
R

A . R
}
I
= d
B
_
) V ( = R | | R A
R
n i n
Nucleus moves in closed path R(t), but
electron is constrained to stay at eigen-level |n,R)
Constraint + parameter change Berry phase, fictitious B
eff
field on nucleus
connection
curvature
A B V =
eff
Boltzmann transport Eq. with anomalous velocity term.

,
, ] ) ( [
2
] ) ( [ 2
, ) (
, , ) (
, ] ][ [ 2
2
,
0
2
3
0
2
0
3 0
expansion Sommerfeld use
in linear term keep
use and
}}
}
}
V
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

/
O
/
=
V
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
+ O +
c
c
=
c
c , c u
c
o
, c
u
c
t
t
t
, c
tu
c
c
k
x k
Z
k
k
yx
k
k
k
Z
x
y
x
k
k
k
k
k
dS
d
f
T m
e
k d T
T
f
k
e J
T
x
k
E T
T
f
k d f E e
k
e J

k
k
g
g
T n C
xy
= o
e. temperatur is T and ion concentrat carrier is n , const. is C where
X(k) x + V =
k
i
X(k) , ] , [ V = O O =

k
ijk
j i
i x x c
In a weak electric field,
1. O(k) -- a Quantum area -- measures uncertainty in x; O(k)~ AxAy.
O V = =
=

E (k) x] , [ v
x . E
k
e H i
e H H
c
0
2. O(k) is an effective magnetic field in k-space (Berry curvature)
Electrons on a lattice 3
( )
k
B
~
= O

g g
m g c c ~ , / 1 ~
* *
J. Phys. 34, 901 (1973)
Dissipationless, indept of t
Nozieres-Lewiner theory
X(k) R r + =
) ( = S E J
SO
2
H
2 ne
Anomalous Hall current J
H
Anomalous Hall effect in semiconductor with spin-orbit coupling
Enhanced g factor and reduced effective mass
2
SO SO
1 where ) / ( , S k X(k)
g
c ) ( =
Electrons on a Lattice 2
B v E k + = e e

A B V =
Predicts large Hall effect in lattice with broken time reversal
Karplus Luttinger 1954, Luttinger 1958
Eqns. of motion?
k k
v c V =
O
k
= 0 only if
Time-reversal symm.
or parity is broken
X(k) a funcn. of k
E
k
E e
Berry potential
Berry curvature
k k k
X V = O

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
x = 0
225
125
75
200
175
150
100
50
25
10
5 K

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
300
275
250
x = 0.1
225
125
75
200
175
150
100
50
25
10
5 K

E
y

/

g
r
a
d
.
T

(

V

/

K

)

0
H ( T )
Wei-Li Lee et al., PRL 2004
, S , S k - use

2
, ] [ 2
], [ 2
0
3
2
0
3
2
= X V = O = X
O =
O =
}
}
k
k
H
k
H
f k d E e J
E f k d e J
,
, ] ][ [ 2 2
3 0
3
E
k d f E e
k
e k d f e J
k
k
k k

in linear term keep
} }
+ O +
c
c
= =
k
g
c
u
S E e n J
H

=
2
2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
T( K )
0.5 (B)
x = 0.6
R
s

(


1
0
-
8

m
3
/
C

)
0
0.1
0.25
0.5 (A)

R
s

(


1
0
-
8

m
3
/
C

)
CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x
T( K )


1.0 (B)
0.85 (A)
0.85 (B)
x = 1.0 (A)



Rs chanes sign when x >0.5.
|Rs| increases by over 4 orders when varying x.
Rs(T) is not simple function or power of (T) .
0 50 100 150
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
x = 1
x = 0.85
x = 0.6
x = 0.25
x = 0.1
x = 0
CuCr
2
Se
4-x
Br
x
Q
S

(

V
/
K
-
T

)
T(K)
0 50 100 150
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
o
x
y

(

V
/
K
-
O
-
m

)
x = 1
x = 0.85
x = 0.6
x = 0.25
x = 0.1
x = 0
T(K)
Qs same order for all x,
o
xy
linear in T at low T.
Wei-Li Lee et al., PRL 2004