Applied Transportation Analysis

Introduction to Intelligent Transportation

Systems
Aim of the course
Understand and design public transport
management and scheduling studies
Develop parking models
Forecast traffic demand using statistical
techniques
Develop a basic understanding of the
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Implementation and development of incident
management schemes for urban and freeway
environments


Monday, 18 January 2010
Syllabus
Dr. B. Ghosh
Introduction to Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Applications of Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Traffic forecasting
Incident Management
Dr. B. Caulfield
Public Transport Management
Parking studies
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Intelligent Transportation Systems
Reference : Introduction to Transportation
Systems (Artech House Its Library)


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What is ITS?
In the developed urban parts of todays world physical
expansion of the existing network can often prove difficult.
Increased environmental pollution, fossil fuel (or other forms of
energy) consumption, land take, traffic congestion and
casualties are a few of the major detrimental side-effects of
expansion, which can harm the social and environmental well-
being of the human population.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a step towards
attaining sustainability by increasing the efficiency of an
existing transport system.

ITS aims at efficient traffic management and increased capacity
within an existing network by introducing extensive and
multipurpose use of advanced technologies and
telecommunication systems to transport infrastructure.

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ITS insight
ITS is a broad range of diverse technologies
applied to transportation.












Reference: ITS Canada http://www.its-sti.gc.ca/en/what_is_its.htm
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The range of technologies
involved includes sensor
and control technologies,
communications, and
computer informatics and
cuts across disciplines such
as transportation,
engineering,
telecommunications,
computer science, finance,
electronic commerce and
automobile manufacturing.
ITS Goals (typical)
Some typical goals are described here. They
change according to the need of the network/
state/country

Manage Congestion on arterial and freeways
Improve safety
Increased and higher quality mobility
Reduce energy use and negative environmental impact
Increase efficiency
Increase coordination
Improved public-private partnerships
Improved Economic Productivity



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ITS Structure
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Technology:
Sensing
Communications
Computing
Algorithms
Systems:
Vehicle
Transport infrastructure
Information
dissemination systems
ITS Structure
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Institutions: ITS benefits public and private sectors
alike.
For example, ITS makes it possible to implement a number of
government regulations and processes (customs and
immigration clearance, transportation safety compliance,
road/bridge toll collection) more economically, and to improve
corporate productivity through time savings, reduced
operating costs and energy consumption, and enhanced
reliability and safety.
Driving Factors
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Scale
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Change and ITS

Reinvention of logistics.
New transportation players
Changes in academia.
New public sector partnerships at regional
scale
New public/private partnerships

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Subsystems of ITS
It is convenient to think of ITS in terms of the six
major areas,

Advanced Traffic Management System
(ATMS)
Advanced Traveller Information Systems
(ATIS)
Advanced Public Transportation Systems
(APTS)
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)
Advanced Rural Transportation systems
(ARTS)


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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Traffic Management System
Network management, including incident
management, traffic light control, electronic
toll collection, congestion prediction and
congestion-ameliorating strategies.

Advanced Traveller Information Systems
Information provided to drivers pre-trip and
during the trip in the vehicle. ATMS helps
provide real-time network information.
E.g., Variable Message Signs (VMS), dynamic
routing information etc.


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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
A set of technologies designed to enhance
driver control and vehicle safety. This ranges
up to Automated Highway Systems (AHS),
where the driver cedes all control to the
system.

Commercial Vehicle Operations
Technologies to enhance commercial fleet
productivity, including weigh-in-motion (WIM),
pre-clearance procedures, electronic log books,
interstate coordination.



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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Public Transportation Systems
Passenger information and technologies to
enhance system operations, including fare
collection, intramodal and intermodal transfers,
scheduling, headway control.

Advanced Rural Transportation Systems
Mostly safety and security technologies for
travel in rural areas. "Rural" is defined as those
areas that do not have the same access to
resources and infrastructure elements as major
metropolitan areas.




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ATMS and ATIS
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Key Underlying Technologies
Global Positioning System (GPS). Embedded
GPS receivers in vehicles on-board units receive signals
from several different satellites to calculate the devices
(and thus the vehicles) position. This requires line of
sight to satellites, which can inhibit use of GPS in
downtown settings due to urban canyon effects.
Location can usually be determined to within ten meters.
GPS is the core technology behind many in-vehicle
navigation and route guidance systems. Several
countries, notably Holland and Germany, are using or
will use OBUs equipped with satellite-based GPS devices
to record miles travelled by automobiles and/or trucks in
order to implement user fees based on vehicle miles
travelled to finance their transportation systems.

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Key Underlying Technologies
Dedicated-Short Range Communications (DSRC).
DSRC is a short to medium-range wireless
communication channel, operating in the 5.8 or 5.9GHz
wireless spectrum, specifically designed for automotive
uses. Critically, DSRC enables two-way wireless
communications between the vehicle (through embedded
tags or sensors) and roadside equipment (RSE). DSRC is
a key enabling technology for many intelligent
transportation systems, including vehicle-to-
infrastructure integration, vehicle-to-vehicle
communication, adaptive traffic signal timing, electronic
toll collection, congestion charging, electronic road
pricing, information provision, etc. DSRC is a subset of
radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The
technology for ITS applications works on the 5.9GHz
band (United States) or the 5.8GHz band (in Japan and
Europe). At present, DSRC systems in Europe, Japan,
and the United States are generally not compatible.

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Key Underlying Technologies
Wireless Networks. Similar to technology commonly used for
wireless Internet access, wireless networks allow rapid
communications between vehicles and the roadside, but have
a range of only a few hundred meters. However, this range
can be extended by each successive vehicle or roadside node
passing information onto the next vehicle or node. South Ko-
rea is increasingly using WiBro, based on WiMAX technology,
as the wireless communications infrastructure to transmit
traffic and public transit information throughout its
transportation network.
Mobile Telephony. ITS applications can transmit information
over standard third or fourth generation (3G or 4G) mobile
telephone networks. Advantages of mobile networks include
wide availability in towns and along major roads. However,
additional network capacity may be required if vehicles are
fitted with this technology, and network operators might need
to cover these costs. Mobile telephony may not be suitable for
some safety-critical ITS applications since it may be too slow.

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Key Underlying Technologies
Radiowave or Infrared Beacons. Japans Vehicle Information
Communications System (VICS) uses radio wave beacons on
expressways and infrared beacons on trunk and arterial
roadways to communicate real-time traffic information.
(Arterial roadways are moderate capacity roadways just
below highways in level of service; a key distinction is that
arterial roadways tend to use traffic signals. Arterial roadways
carry large volumes of traffic between areas in urban
centres.). VICS uses 5.8GHz DSRC wireless technology.
Roadside Camera Recognition. Camera or tag-based
schemes can be used for zone-based congestion charging
systems (as in London), or for charging on specific roads.
Such systems use cameras placed on roadways where drivers
enter and exit congestion zones. The cameras use Automatic
License Plate Recognition (ALPR), based on Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) technology, to identify vehicle license
plates; this information is passed digitally to back-office
servers, which assess and post charges to drivers for their
use of roadways within the congestion zone.

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Key Underlying Technologies
Probe Vehicles or Devices. Several countries deploy so-
called probe vehicles (often taxis or government-owned ve-
hicles equipped with DSRC or other wireless technology) that
report their speed and location to a central traffic operations
management centre, where probe data is aggregated to
generate an area-wide picture of traffic flow and to identify
congested locations. Extensive research has also been
performed into using mobile phones that drivers often carry
as a mechanism to generate real-time traffic information,
using the GPS-derived location of the phone as it moves along
with the vehicle. As a related example, in Beijing, more than
10,000 taxis and commercial vehicles have been outfitted
with GPS chips that send travel speed information to a
satellite, which then sends the information down to the
Beijing Transportation Information Center, which then
translates the data into average travel speeds on every road
in the city.

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Sample of ITS Applications
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ITS Applications
Intelligent Infrastructure Based Applications
Arterial Management
Highway/Freeway Management
Transit Management
Traffic Incident Management
Emergency Management
Electronic Payment and Pricing
Traveller Information
Information Management
Crash Prevention and Safety
Roadway Operations and Maintenance
Road Weather Management
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Intermodal Freight
Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/

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ITS Applications
Intelligent Vehicle Based Applications
Collision Avoidance Systems
Driver Assistance Systems
Collision Notification Systems












Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/
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Arterial Management Systems
Manage traffic along arterial roadways, employing
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Highway/Freeway Management Systems
Highway or freeway transport system is managed
employing,
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Transit Management
Public transit surveillance and communications,
Automated vehicle location systems
Computer-aided dispatch systems
Remote vehicle and facility surveillance cameras

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Traffic Incident Management
Involves the following aspects,
Surveillance and detection
Mobilization and response
Information dissemination
Clearance and recovery

The management system aims at,
Decreasing the time to detect incidents
Decreasing the time for responding vehicles to
arrive
Decreasing the time for traffic to return to
normal conditions

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Emergency Management
ITS applications in emergency management
include hazardous materials management, the
deployment of emergency medical services, and
large and small-scale emergency response and
evacuation operations.
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Electronic Payment and Pricing
Electronic payment systems employ various
communication and electronic technologies to
facilitate commerce between travellers and
transportation agencies, typically for the purpose
of paying tolls and transit fares.

It involves,

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Traveller Information
Traveller information applications use a variety of
technologies, including Internet websites,
telephone hotlines, as well as television and radio,
to allow users to make more informed decisions
regarding trip departures, routes, and mode of
travel.
Pre-trip
Web sites
Television
Radio
SMS
En-route
SMS
Radio
In-Vehicle systems

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Information Management
Archiving and retrieval of data generated by
ITS applications
Data archiving is the collection, storage and
distribution of ITS data for transportation
planning, administration, policy, operation,
safety analyses, and research. Data archiving
systems make use of a variety of software,
database, and electronic data storage
technologies.
It involves,
Decision support systems
Predictive information
Performance monitoring

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Crash Prevention and Safety
The systems detect unsafe conditions and provide
warnings to travellers to take action to avoid crashes.
These systems provide alerts for traffic approaching
at dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted overpasses,
highway-rail crossings, high-volume intersections, and
also provide warnings of the presence of pedestrians,
and bicyclists, and even animals on the roadway.
The systems typically employ sensors to monitor the
speed and characteristics of approaching vehicles and
frequently also include environmental sensors to monitor
roadway conditions and visibility.
In some cases, manual systems are employed, for
example where pedestrians or bicyclists manually set the
system to provide warnings of their presence to drivers.
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Roadway Operations and Maintenance
ITS applications focus
on integrated management
of maintenance fleets,
specialized service vehicles,
hazardous road conditions
remediation, and work zone
mobility and safety.
These applications
monitor, analyze, and
disseminate roadway and
infrastructure data for
operational, maintenance,
and managerial uses.
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Road Weather Management
Road weather management activities include
road weather information systems (RWIS),
winter maintenance technologies, and
coordination of operations within and between
county councils.
ITS applications assist with the monitoring and
forecasting of roadway and atmospheric
conditions, dissemination of weather-related
information to drivers, weather-related traffic
control measures such as variable speed limits,
and both fixed and mobile winter maintenance
activities.
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Commercial Vehicle Operations
ITS applications for commercial vehicle operations
are designed to enhance communication between
motor carriers and regulatory agencies.

Examples include
Electronic registration and permitting
programs
Electronic exchange of inspection data
Electronic screening systems
Fleet operations and security

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Intermodal Freight
ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and
seamless movement of freight.
Applications being deployed provide for
tracking of freight and carrier assets such as
containers and chassis
improve the efficiency of freight terminal processes
drayage operations (ITS for drayage operations can
promote the efficient loading, unloading, sorting, and
transfer of cargo by implementing automated systems and
robotics to optimize limited dock and port space)
international border crossings
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Collision Avoidance System
To improve the ability of drivers to avoid
accidents
Sensors to monitor vehicles surroundings
Alerts for the driver when conditions arise that
could lead to a collision

Examples
Forward collision warning
Obstacle detection systems
Road and lane departure warning systems
Lane changing assistance
Rear impact warning systems
Roll over warning systems
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Driver Assistance Systems
Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies exist to
assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely.
Assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely
Aid with navigation
Drowsy driver warning systems
Object detection
Driver communication with other drivers or dispatch
Safe driving in adverse conditions
Vision enhancement
Speed control systems (ACC)
Assist with difficult driving tasks
Transit or commercial vehicle docking
coupling, decoupling


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Collision Notification Systems
In an effort to improve response times and save
lives, collision notification systems have been
designed to detect and report the location and
severity of incidents to agencies and services
responsible for coordinating appropriate
emergency response actions.

These systems can be activated manually, or
automatically with automatic collision notification,
and advanced systems may transmit information
on the type of crash, number of passengers, and
the likelihood of injuries.