Chi - Square

Karl Pearson's famous chi-square paper appeared
in the spring of 1900, an auspicious beginning to a

wonderful century for the field of statistics."

-B. Efron, The Statistical Century

The chi-square test is a statistical test that can be used to
determine whether observed frequencies are significantly
different from expected frequencies.
1. Test of Goodness-of-fit
2. Test of Homogeneity
3. Test of Independence

Formula:

X
2
= ( O E )
2

E

Where:

X
2
= the chi-square test
O = the observed frequencies
E = the expected frequencies

Formula:

X
2
= N (ad bc )
2

klmn

Where:

X
2
N = grand total
klmn = the product of the rows
and columns
Formula:

X
2
= ( O E )
2

E
Where:

X
2
O = the observed frequencies
E = the expected frequencies
= summation

The Chi-Square Test of Goodness-of-Fit

Example:

The theory of Mendel crossing of peas is in the ratio of
9:3:3:1, meaning 9 parts are smooth yellow, 3 parts
smooth green, 3 parts wrinkled yellow and 1 part
wrinkled green. The researcher conducted an
experiment and the result was that out of 560 peas,
310 were smooth yellow, 100 were wrinkled yellow,
110 were smooth green and 40 were wrinkled green. Is
there a significant difference between the observed
and the expected frequencies?
Problem: Is there a significant difference between the
observed and the expected frequencies?

Hypothesis:
H
1
: There is a significant difference between the
observed and the expected frequencies.

Level of Significance: 0.05

Tabular value = 7.815

Statistics:

Computation: Add the ratio 9:3:3:1 = 16
(Actual Result) (Theory)
Attributes Ratio Observed Expected
Smooth Yellow: 9 310 315
Wrinkled Yellow: 3 100 105
Smooth Green: 3 110 105
Wrinkled Green: 1 40 35
_____________________________________________________

Total 16 560 560

Then divide 560 by 16 = 35

For expected frequencies multiply;

35 x 9 = 315
35 x 3 = 105
35 x 3 = 105
35 x 1 = 35

X
2
= ( O E )
2

E

= ( 310 315 )
2
+ ( 100 105 )
2
+ ( 110 105 )
2
+ ( 40 35 )
2

315 105 105 a 35

= .079 + .238 + .238 + .714

= 1.269

The Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity

Example:
To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a
sample of Lakas and Laban parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao. To carry out such study,
a separate random sample of members of each party is
drawn from the nationwide population of Laban and
Lakas and each individual in both samples responds to
the scale. Scores are the classified into Favorable or
Unfavorable categories. Is there a significant difference
between the attitudes of two political parties on the
issue of peace and order in Mindanao?

Problem: Is there a significant difference between the
attitudes of two political parties on the issue of peace
and order in Mindanao?

Hypothesis:
H
1
: There is a significant difference between the
attitudes of two political parties on the issue of peace
and order in Mindanao.


Tabular value : 3.841

The following frequencies are obtained:

Favorable Unfavorable Total

Lakas 65 35 100 k

a b

Laban 50 50 100 l

c d
_________________________________________________________

Total 115 85 200

m n N
_________________________________________________________
Statistics:
X
2
= N (ad bc )
2

klmn

= 200 [(65)(50) - (35)(50)]
2

(100)(100)(115)(85)

= 200[ 3250 - 1750 ]
2

97750000

= 200(1500)
2

97750000

= 450000000
97750000

= 4.604

The Chi-Square Test of Independence

Example:

90 individuals, male and female, were given a test in psychomotor skills and their scores
were classified into high and low. Is there a significant relationship between sex and
scores in psychomotor skills?

Computation:

HIGH LOW
Sex O E O E Total

Male 18 25.56 28 20.44 46
Female 32 24.44 12 19.56 44
_________________________________________________________

Total 50 40 90
individuals

Problem: Is there a significant relationship between sex
and scores in psychomotor skills?

Hypothesis:
H
1
: There is a significant relationship between sex
and scores in psychomotor skills.


Tabular value : 3.841

For expected values: Multiply the column total to the row total and divide the
product by the grand total.

50 x 46 = 25.56 40 x 46 = 20.44
90 90
50 x 44 = 24.44 40 x 44 = 19.56
90 90

Statistics:
X
2
= ( O E )
2

E

= ( 18 25.56 )
2
+ ( 32 24.44 )
2
+ ( 28 20.44 )
2
+ ( 12 19.56 )
2

25.56 24.44 20.44 19.56

= 2.236 + 2.338 + 2.796 + 2.922

= 10.292

Chi - Square

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Karl Pearson's famous chi-square paper appeared

in the spring of 1900, an auspicious beginning to a

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