Chapter 1: Indices & Logarithms: 1.1 Exponent 1.2 Logarithms 1.3 Exponent & Logarithms Equation

Chapter 1 : Indices & Logarithms 1
CHAPTER 1 : INDICES &

LOGARITHMS
1.1 EXPONENT
1.2 LOGARITHMS
1.3 EXPONENT & LOGARITHMS
EQUATION
INTRODUCTION
Why study exponential & logarithmic
functions?
They are very important in many technical areas, such
as business, finance, nuclear technology, acoustics,
electronics & astronomy.
Many of the applications will involve growth
(INCREASING) or decay (DECREASING).
There are many things that grow exponentially, for
example population, compound interest & charge in
capacitor.
We can also have exponentially decay for example
radioactive decay.
Logarithm is a method of reducing long multiplications
into much simpler additions (and reducing divisions
into subtractions).
If a is any real number & n is a positive
integer, then the n th power of a is ;
1.1 EXPONENT
a a a a
n
= ....
x
x f 2 ) ( =
Definition
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 0.25
Example:
Graph the function
Solution;
Produce the table values of x from -2 to 3.
base
Exponent
(index / power)
Ex 1 pg 4
1.1 EXPONENT
Law Example Try
a
m
a
n
= a
m+n
x
3
x
7
= x
3+7
= x
10
x
2
x
-5
=
a
m
a
n
=a
m-n

(a
m
)
n
= a
mn
(4
3
)
2
= 4
3(2)
=4
6
(5
5
)
2
=
(ab)
n
= a
n
b
n
(2b)
3
= 2
3
b
3
= 8b
3
(3xy)
4
=
2 6 4
6
4

= = k k
k
k
Law of exponents
=
2
5
h
h
1.1 EXPONENT
Law Example Try
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
= |
.
|
\
|
n
n
n
a
b
b
a
= |
.
|
\
|

Law of exponents
n
n
a
a
1
=
81
16
3
2
3
2
4
4
4
= = |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
2
4
w
8
1
2
1
2
3
3
= =
=
2
3
4
25
2
5
5
2
2
2
2
= =
|
.
|
\
|

= |
.
|
\
|
3
3
4
Ex 2 pg 5
Radical : the positive square root of
1.1 EXPONENT
a b b a
n n
= = means
Radical
a 0, b 0
n th root,
n any +ve
integer
Ex 3 pg 6 - 7
1.1 EXPONENT
Law Example Try
Properties of n th roots
0 for
even is if ,
odd is if ,
<
=
a
n a
n a
a
n n
n n n
b a ab =
mn m n
a a =
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=
3 3 3 3
2 8 8 z z z = = =
5
243m
3
2
27
8
27
8
3
3
3
= =
=
4
256
81
2 4 256
4
= = =
3
729
( )
( ) 6 1296 6
6 216 6
4 4
4
3 3
3
= =
= =
( )
( ) =
=
8
8
5
5
6
2
1.1 EXPONENT
Rational, - ve & Zero exponent
Rational exponent :
( )
n m
m
n
n
m
a a a = =
1
0
= a
m & n are
integers, n > 0
Negative exponent :
n
n
a
a
1
=
Zero exponent :
Ex 4 pg 8 9
Logarithm function with base a, denoted by log
a
is
defined by;
1.2 LOGARITHMS
=
= =
= =
81 3
8 2 3 8 log
125 5 3 125 log
4
3
2
3
5
Definition
base
Exponent
(index / power)

form l exponentia
form logaritmic
log y a x y
x
a
= =
Example:
Equivalent
form
b
x
b
x
b
x
x
a
a
b
ln
ln
log
log
log
log
log
10
10
= = =
Common logarithm : Logarithm with base 10, denoted by,

Natural logarithm : Logarithm with base e, denoted by

Base conversion :
Type of Log
y y
10
log log =
y y
e
log ln =
Any
base
Base
10
Base e
1.2 LOGARITHMS
Example 1
1. Rewrite each function below in exponential or
logarithm form.
a) 7
2
= 49
b) Log
2
128 = 7
c) 5
-2
= 1/25
d) Log
b
1=0

2. Determine the value of log
2
7 and log
3
12.

8074 . 2
2 log
7 log
7 log
10
10
2
= =
Ex 5 & 6 pg 10 11
Logarithms Example
log
a
xy = log
a
x + log
a
y log
4
5x = log
4
5 + log
4
x
log
a
(x/y) = log
a
x log
a
y ln 8 ln 2 = ln (8/2) = ln 4
log
a
(x
n
) = n log
a
x log 5
3
= 3log 5
log
a
a = 1 log
3
3 = 1
log
a
1 = 0 ln 1 = 0
Law of logarithms
1.2 LOGARITHMS
Example 2
1. Use the property of logarithms to rewrite each of the
following:
a) ln 18 = ln (2.3.3) =
b) log 5 + log 2 =
c) log (3/5) =
d) log 8x
2
log 2x =
e) Log 100
3.4
= log (10
2
)
3.4
=

2. Simplify & determine the value of ;
2log 5 + 3log 4 4log 2

Ex 7 pg 12 13
Example 2
3. If log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 5 = 0.6990,
determine each of the following without using a calculator:
a) log 6 = log 2x3 = log 2 + log 3
= 0.3010 + 0.4771 = 0.7781
b) log 81

c) log 1.5

d) log 5

e) log 50
Exponential Equation
The variable occurs
in the exponent.
E.g. 2
x
= 7
To solve:
1) Use the properties of
exp.
2) Rewrite in equivalent
form.
3) Solve the resulting
equation.
Logarithmic Equation
A logarithm of the
variable occurs.
E.g. log
2
(x+2) = 5
To solve:
1) Use the properties of
log.
2) Rewrite in equivalent
form.
3) Solve the resulting
equation.

1.3 EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHS
EQUATION
calculator a use , for Solve 4
3 ln
81 ln
exponent) the down (bring 3 Law 81 ln 3 ln
side each of ln Take 81 ln 3 ln
x x
x
x
= =
=
=
Example 3
Solve each of the following;
a) 3
x
= 81

b) 5
2x+1
= 25
4x-1

( )
( ) ( )

2
1
for Solve 2 8 1 2
4 Law and 3 Law ly App 5 log 2 8 5 log 1 2
side each of log Take 5 log 5 log
5 5
5 5
5
2 8
5
1 2
5
1 4
2 1 2
=
= +
= +
=
=
+
+
x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
Ex 10 pg 15 16
for Solve 0.4582 x
ln of Property 0.9163 2x
side each of ln Take 5 . 2 ln ln
8 by Divide
8
20
20 8
2
2
2
x
e
e
e
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
Example 3
c) 8e
2x
= 20

Ex 14 pg 19 20
Example 4
0 12 7
2 4
= + k k
Solve for k, if
( )
( )( ) a a a
a a
k a
k k
for solve & Factor 0 4 3
factorize and Replace 0 12 7
; Let
exponent of Law 0 12 7
2
2
2
2
2
=
= +
=
= +
2 4
4
4
0 4
2
= =
=
=
=
k
k
a
a
3
3
3
0 3
2
=
=
=
=
k
k
a
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Example 5
( )
( )( ) a a a
a a
a
x
x x
for solve & Factor 0 2 3
factorize and Replace 0 6
; 5 Let
exponent of Law 0 6 5 5
2
2
= +
=
=
=
2 5
2
0 2
=
=
= +
x
a
a
Solve for m if 5
2x
- 5
x
6 = 0

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3

0.6826 x
ln5
3 ln
x
3 ln 5 ln
3 5
3
0 3
=
=
=
=
=
=
x
x
a
a Or
No solution, x is
undefined
Ex 13 pg 8
calculator Use 1096.6
form Equivalent
7
~
= e x
a) ln x = 7

b) log
2
(x+2) = 5

c) Log
2
(25 x) = 3

( )
30
for Solve 2 32
form l Exponentia 2 2
5 2 log
5
2
=
=
= +
= +
x x
x
x
Example 6
2 by Divide 5000
form l Exponentia 10 2
3 by Divide 4 2 log
4 Subtract 12 2 log 3
4
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
d) 4 + 3Log 2x

= 16

e) c

Example 6
( ) ( ) 4 ln 3 ln 2 + = + x x

Chapter 1: Indices & Logarithms: 1.1 Exponent 1.2 Logarithms 1.3 Exponent & Logarithms Equation

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES &

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