PROGRAMMING
Teaching real stuff
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Problem: How to communicate between human and machine
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INTRODUCTION
Problem: How to communicate between human and machine
We need to speak the language of machine
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INTRODUCTION
Problem: How to communicate between human and machine
We need to speak the language of machine
Intermediate solution are programming languages
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INTRODUCTION
Code example:
//Code to draw a rectangle
bool GameEngine::DrawRect(RECT2 rect, double strokeWidth)
{
if (!CanIPaint()) return false;
D2D1_RECT_F d2dRect = D2D1::RectF((FLOAT)
(FLOAT)
(FLOAT)
(FLOAT)
rect.left,
rect.top,
rect.right,
rect.bottom);
m_RenderTargetPtr->DrawRectangle(d2dRect, m_ColorBrushPtr,
(FLOAT) strokeWidth);
return true;
}
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INTRODUCTION
Programming language -> compiled (translated)
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INTRODUCTION
Programming language -> compiled (translated)
To a readable language by the computer
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INTRODUCTION
Programming language -> compiled (translated)
To a readable language by the computer
Each file is compiled to a corresponding .obj file
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INTRODUCTION
Programming language -> compiled (translated)
To a readable language by the computer
Each file is compiled to a corresponding .obj file
Link all files together (build)
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INTRODUCTION
Programming language -> compiled (translated)
To a readable language by the computer
Each file is compiled to a corresponding .obj file
Link all files together (build)
Result is an executable file (.exe): contains computer language
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INTRODUCTION
FirstExerc.cpp
GameEngine.cpp
Compile
obj
GameWinMain.cpp
Compile
obj
EXE
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Compile
obj
LINK
Libraries
Lib
or
Dll
CODE LAYOUT
CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
Classes
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
Classes
Structs
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
Classes
Structs
Methods
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
Classes
Structs
Methods
Variables
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CODE LAYOUT
Organize your code
Different pieces of c++ code
Classes
Structs
Methods
Variables
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CODE LAYOUT
Not only code is separated into pieces
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CODE LAYOUT
Not only code is separated into pieces
Source files
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CODE LAYOUT
Not only code is separated into pieces
Source files
Header files
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CODE LAYOUT
Header files
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CODE LAYOUT
Header files
Overview of what we will find inside the source file
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CODE LAYOUT
Header files
Overview of what we will find inside the source file
Visible for everybody
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CODE LAYOUT
Header files
Overview of what we will find inside the source file
Visible for everybody
Used for declaration of variables, methods, etc.
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CODE LAYOUT
Source files
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CODE LAYOUT
Source files
Converted into zero and ones
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CODE LAYOUT
Source files
Converted into zero and ones
Only visible for people who have the source files
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CODE LAYOUT
Source files
Converted into zero and ones
Only visible for people who have the source files
Used to initialize variables and define methods etc.
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CODE LAYOUT
Header file
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CODE LAYOUT
Source file
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CREATING A PROJECT
CREATING A PROJECT
Search for Visual Studio in your start menu
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CREATING A PROJECT
Or type devenv in your start menu
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CREATING A PROJECT
Once Visual Studio is started you create a new project
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CREATING A PROJECT
Once Visual Studio is started you create a new project
Click File
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CREATING A PROJECT
Once Visual Studio is started you create a new project
Click File
New
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CREATING A PROJECT
Once Visual Studio is started you create a new project
Click File
New
Project
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CREATING A PROJECT
Select the correct project type
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CREATING A PROJECT
Select the correct project type
Installed Templates
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CREATING A PROJECT
Select the correct project type
Installed Templates
Visual C++
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CREATING A PROJECT
Select the correct project type
Installed Templates
Visual C++
Win32 Project (NOT the Win32 console application)
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CREATING A PROJECT
Name your project
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CREATING A PROJECT
Name your project
Assign a location to save your project
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CREATING A PROJECT
Name your project
Assign a location to save your project
Uncheck the create directory for solution checkbox
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CREATING A PROJECT
Application setting
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CREATING A PROJECT
Application setting
Click on application settings
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CREATING A PROJECT
Application setting
Click on application settings
Make sure the application type is set to Windows application
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CREATING A PROJECT
Application setting
Click on application settings
Make sure the application type is set to Windows application
Select empty project in the additional options
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CREATING A PROJECT
Project structure in Windows Explorer
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Project structure in Windows Explorer
Navigate to the location where you created your project
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CREATING A PROJECT
Project structure in Windows Explorer
Navigate to the location where you created your project
Find the game engine files we provided to you
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CREATING A PROJECT
Project structure in Windows Explorer
Navigate to the location where you created your project
Find the game engine files we provided to you
Copy ( NOT move) them to your project folder
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Modifying Filters in Solution Explorer
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CREATING A PROJECT
Modifying Filters in Solution Explorer
Re-open visual studio
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CREATING A PROJECT
Modifying Filters in Solution Explorer
Re-open visual studio
Find the solution explorer
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CREATING A PROJECT
Modifying Filters in Solution Explorer
Re-open visual studio
Find the solution explorer
You will notice a few folders under the project, they are called filters
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Filters
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Filters
Subdivisions to organize files inside your project
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Filters
Subdivisions to organize files inside your project
Do not affect your projects folder
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Divide your project inside 3 parts
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CREATING A PROJECT
Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
Resource files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
Resource files
Game files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
Resource files
Game files
Therefore rename the following folders
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Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
Resource files
Game files
Therefore rename the following folders
Header files into Engine files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Divide your project inside 3 parts
Engine files
Resource files
Game files
Therefore rename the following folders
Header files into Engine files
Source files into Game files
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Adding files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Adding files
Right click on a filter in the solution explorer
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Adding files
Right click on a filter in the solution explorer
Add
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CREATING A PROJECT
Adding files
Right click on a filter in the solution explorer
Add
Existing Item
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Add the following files to your project
AbstractGame.cpp
AbstractGame.h
Big.ico
GameEngine.cpp
GameEngine.h
GameWinMain.cpp
GameWinMain.h
Resource.h
Small.ico
X.cpp
X.h
X.rc
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CREATING A PROJECT
Rename following files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Rename following files
X.rc to resource.rc
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CREATING A PROJECT
Rename following files
X.rc to resource.rc
X.cpp to Main.cpp
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Rename following files
X.rc to resource.rc
X.cpp to Main.cpp
X.h to Main.h
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Replace all files in the correct filter
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Replace all files in the correct filter
Main.cpp and Main.h inside Game files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace all files in the correct filter
Main.cpp and Main.h inside Game files
Resource.rc, Big.ico, Small.ico, resource.h inside Resource files
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace all files in the correct filter
Main.cpp and Main.h inside Game files
Resource.rc, Big.ico, Small.ico, resource.h inside Resource files
The others inside Engine files
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CREATING A PROJECT
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
Open Main.cpp, Main.h, GameWinMain.cpp
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
Open Main.cpp, Main.h, GameWinMain.cpp
Search and replace (Ctrl + h) the X with Main
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
Open Main.cpp, Main.h, GameWinMain.cpp
Search and replace (Ctrl + h) the X with Main
Make sure you check Match case
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
Open Main.cpp, Main.h, GameWinMain.cpp
Search and replace (Ctrl + h) the X with Main
Make sure you check Match case
Make sure you check Match whole word
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CREATING A PROJECT
Replace X by the name of the class
Open Main.cpp, Main.h, GameWinMain.cpp
Search and replace (Ctrl + h) the X with Main
Make sure you check Match case
Make sure you check Match whole word
Search inside the entire solution
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CREATING A PROJECT
Fill in your personal data
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Fill in your personal data
Open Main.h
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Fill in your personal data
Open Main.h
Add your data at the top of the file
//---------------------------------------------// Student data
// Name: Dave De Breuck
// Group: 3DAEGAMEDEV
//----------------------------------------------
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Fill in your personal data
Open Main.cpp
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Fill in your personal data
Open Main.cpp
Find the method Main::GameInitialize(HINSTANCE hInstance)
void Main::GameInitialize(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
// Set the required values
AbstractGame::GameInitialize(hInstance);
GAME_ENGINE->SetTitle("Main - De Breuck Dave - 3DAEGAMEDEV");
GAME_ENGINE->RunGameLoop(false);
// Set the optional values
GAME_ENGINE->SetWidth(640);
GAME_ENGINE->SetHeight(480);
//GAME_ENGINE->SetKeyList(String(WASD") + (TCHAR)VK_SPACE);
}
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Test your project
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Test your project
Rebuild the solution (CTRL + ALT + F7)
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Test your project
Rebuild the solution (CTRL + ALT + F7)
Run the program (F5)
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Congratulations your created your first project!
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VARIABLES
VARIABLES
What is animation
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VARIABLES
What is animation
Still image
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VARIABLES
What is animation
Still image
Repeatedly shown
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VARIABLES
What is animation
Still image
Repeatedly shown
Small change are made
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VARIABLES
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VARIABLES
To be able to affect changes
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VARIABLES
To be able to affect changes
Access the state of animation
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VARIABLES
To be able to affect changes
Access the state of animation
We access the state by using variables
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VARIABLES
To be able to affect changes
Access the state of animation
We access the state by using variables
We create a variable for each value that needs to be changed during runtime
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VARIABLES
What is a variable
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VARIABLES
What is a variable
Piece of memory
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VARIABLES
What is a variable
Piece of memory
Assigned to a name
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VARIABLES
What is a variable
Piece of memory
Assigned a name
Value can be stored inside the memory
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VARIABLES
Using variables
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VARIABLES
Using variables
Write the name of the variable to access the value that is stored inside the memory
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VARIABLES
Using variables
Write the name of the variable to access the value that is stored inside the memory
To change the value we use the assignment operator = "
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VARIABLES
Example
//Creating 2 variables named "x" and "y"
//Storing a value inside both variables
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
//Creating a variable named "result"
//Storing the sum of variable "x" and "y"
//inside this variable
int result = x + y;
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VARIABLES
Exercise Open Laptop
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VARIABLES
Variable types
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VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
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VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
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VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
Text
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
Text
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
Text
For every kind of data there is a kind of variable also know as type
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VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
Text
For every kind of data there is a kind of variable also know as type
Type determines
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VARIABLES
Variable types
Integral numbers
Decimal numbers
Boolean values
Text
For every kind of data there is a kind of variable also know as type
Type determines
Value of the variable
What operations can be performed on the value
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VARIABLES
Variable type categories
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VARIABLES
Variable type categories
Primitive variables
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VARIABLES
Variable type categories
Primitive variables
Composite variables
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VARIABLES
Variable type categories
Primitive variables
Composite variables
Abstract variables
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
Double
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
Double
Float
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
Double
Float
Bool
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
Double
Float
Bool
Char
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VARIABLES
Primitive variables
Integer
Double
Float
Bool
Char
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VARIABLES
Integers
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VARIABLES
Integers
Without fractional or decimal component
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VARIABLES
Integers
Without fractional or decimal component
Range { , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }
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VARIABLES
Integers
Without fractional or decimal component
Range { , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }
32 bits ( 4 bytes of memory )
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VARIABLES
Integers
Without fractional or decimal component
Range { , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }
32 bits ( 4 bytes of memory )
Signed or unsigned
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VARIABLES
Float
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VARIABLES
Float
With decimal component
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VARIABLES
Float
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
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VARIABLES
Float
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
32 bits ( 4 bytes of memory )
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Float
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
32 bits ( 4 bytes of memory )
Singed or unsigned
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VARIABLES
Double
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VARIABLES
Double
With decimal component
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VARIABLES
Double
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
CREATED BY DAVE DE BREUCK
VARIABLES
Double
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
64 bits ( 8 bytes of memory )
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VARIABLES
Double
With decimal component
Range { , -0.2, -0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, }
64 bits ( 8 bytes of memory )
Singed or unsigned
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VARIABLES
TCHAR
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VARIABLES
TCHAR
Used for single characters
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VARIABLES
TCHAR
Used for single characters
Define it with single quotes ( character = 'a )
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VARIABLES
TCHAR
Used for single characters
Define it with single quotes ( character = 'a )
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
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VARIABLES
TCHAR
Used for single characters
Define it with single quotes ( character = 'a )
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
8 bits ( 1 byte of memory )
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VARIABLES
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VARIABLES
String
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VARIABLES
String
Sequence of characters
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VARIABLES
String
Sequence of characters
Define it with double quotes ( string sequence_characters = "aaaa"; )
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SELECTIONS
SELECTIONS
A selection is a condition inside your code
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SELECTIONS
Example
Adventure game
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SELECTIONS
There are 3 types of conditions
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SELECTIONS
There are 3 types of conditions
If-else
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SELECTIONS
There are 3 types of conditions
If-else
Switch-case
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SELECTIONS
There are 3 types of conditions
If-else
Switch-case
?:
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SELECTIONS
If-else
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SELECTIONS
If-else
Uses a Boolean expression
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SELECTIONS
If-else
Uses a Boolean expression
Rational expression
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SELECTIONS
If-else
Uses a Boolean expression
Rational expression
Logical expression
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SELECTIONS
If-else
Uses a Boolean expression
Rational expression
Logical expression
Combination of both
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SELECTIONS
Rational expression
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
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SELECTIONS
Logical expression
&&
||
!
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SELECTIONS
Exercise - rational expressions
m_Year = 2014
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
m_Year < 1900
m_Year == 1850
m_Year != 1850
m_Year >= 1800
m_Year <= 1850
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SELECTIONS
Exercise logical expressions
m_Year = 2014
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
true && true
true && false
true || true
true || false
!true
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SELECTIONS
! ( m_Year == 1995 || 2001 )
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SELECTIONS
! ( m_Year == 1995 || 2001 )
! ( false || true)
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SELECTIONS
! ( m_Year == 1995 || 2001 )
! ( false || true)
!(true)
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SELECTIONS
! ( m_Year == 1995 || 2001 )
! ( false || true)
!(true)
false
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SELECTIONS
The syntax
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SELECTIONS
The syntax
Simple statement (without brackets)
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SELECTIONS
The syntax
Simple statement (without brackets)
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int m_number = 5;
if (m_number == 5)
m_number += 1;
SELECTIONS
The syntax
Simple statement (without brackets)
Compound statement (with brackets)
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int m_number = 5;
if (m_number == 5)
m_number += 1;
SELECTIONS
The syntax
Simple statement (without brackets)
Compound statement (with brackets)
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int m_number = 5;
if (m_number == 5)
m_number += 1;
int m_number = 6;
if (m_number == 6)
{
m_number += 5;
m_number += 10;
}
SELECTIONS
Watch out!
int m_number = 10;
if (m_number<5)
m_number = 5;
m_number += 1;
m_number = ?
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SELECTIONS
Watch out!
int m_number = 10;
if (m_number<5)
m_number = 5;
m_number += 1;
m_number = 11
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SELECTIONS
If-else syntax
if (condition1)
{
// execute if condition1 == true
}
else if (condition2)
{
// execute if condition1 == false
// and
// execute if condition2 == true
}
else
{
// execute if condition1 == false
// and
// execute if condition2 == false
}
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METHODS
METHODS
Used to split up a problem (for which the program is the solution) into sub-problems
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METHODS
Using them goes into 2 steps
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METHODS
Using them goes into 2 steps
Write the method (what does it do?)
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METHODS
Using them goes into 2 steps
Write the method (what does it do?)
Call the method (when does it start?)
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METHODS
Example
void Demo::DrawStaff()
{
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(20, 20, 200, 20);
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(20, 40, 200, 40);
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(20, 60, 200, 60);
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(20, 80, 200, 80);
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(20, 100, 200, 100);
}
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
Return value
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
Return value
Scope (Demo::)
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
Return value
Scope (Demo::)
Name
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
Return value
Scope (Demo::)
Name
()
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METHODS
Syntax of a method
Return value
Scope (Demo::)
Name
()
Body (enclosed with { } )
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METHODS
Example
Return value
Scope
Name
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
DrawStaff();
}
Body
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()
METHODS
Example
Return value
Scope
Name
()
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
DrawStaff();
}
Body
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Parameter
METHODS
Methods with parameters
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METHODS
Methods with parameters
Parameters a.k.a. arguments
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METHODS
Methods with parameters
Parameters a.k.a. arguments
Those things between the round brackets
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METHODS
Methods with parameters
Parameters a.k.a. arguments
Those things between the round brackets
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
rect of type RECT is the parameter of this method
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METHODS
Used to call the same method
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METHODS
Used to call the same method
Have a different outcome
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METHODS
void Demo::DrawStaff(int x, int
{
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(x,
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(x,
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(x,
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(x,
GAME_ENGINE->DrawLine(x,
}
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
DrawStaff(40, 40);
}
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y)
y, x + 200, y);
y + 8, x + 200, y + 8);
y + 16, x + 200, y + 16);
y + 24, x + 200, y + 24);
y + 32, x + 200, y + 32);
METHODS
A methods return value
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METHODS
A methods return value
Optional (return type = void)
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METHODS
A methods return value
Optional (return type = void)
Can be a primitive/composite/abstract value
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METHODS
A methods return value
Optional (return type = void)
Can be a primitive/composite/abstract value
Using keyword return
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METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(1, 2);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(1, 2);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(20, 40);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(20, 40);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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Int number1 = 20
Int number2 = 40
METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(20, 40);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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Int number1 = 20
Int number2 = 40
Result = 60
METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = CalculateSum(20, 40);
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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Int number1 = 20
Int number2 = 40
Result = 60
METHODS
void Demo::GamePaint(RECT rect)
{
int sum = 0;
sum = 60;
}
int Demo::CalculateSum(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
return result;
}
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METHODS
Exercise
int Demo::Calculate(int number1, int number2)
{
int result = number1 + number2;
result * = 2;
return result;
}
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = ?
Calculate(5, 1); =
Calculate(20, 8); =
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = ?
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = ?
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
Calculate(20, 8); =
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = ?
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = ?
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
12
Calculate(20, 8); =
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = ?
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = ?
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
12
Calculate(20, 8); =
56
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = ?
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = ?
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
12
Calculate(20, 8); =
56
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = 56
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = ?
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
12
Calculate(20, 8); =
56
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = 56
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = 210
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = ?
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METHODS
Exercise
Calculate(10, 10); = 40
Calculate(5, 1); =
12
Calculate(20, 8); =
56
Calculate(Calculate(6,3), 10); = 56
Calculate(10, 10) + Calculate(80, 5); = 210
Calculate(Calculate(4 , 5), Calculate( 8 , 3)); = 80
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
Very fast
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
Very fast
Low memory size (1MB)
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
Very fast
Low memory size (1MB)
Heap
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
Very fast
Low memory size (1MB)
Heap
Slower
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METHODS
Stack & Heap
Stack
Very fast
Low memory size (1MB)
Heap
Slower
Large memory size ( present day 5GB/6GB )
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METHODS
Stack
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METHODS
Stack
Variables are stacked upon this memory
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METHODS
Stack
Variables are stacked upon this memory
Deleted when they run out of scope
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METHODS
Stack
Variables are stacked upon this memory
Deleted when they run out of scope
Mostly local variables will be stored here
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METHODS
Stack
When it run out of memory you will get a stack overflow
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METHODS
Heap
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METHODS
Heap
All the memory that is not used by the computer
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METHODS
Heap
All the memory that is not used by the computer
Mostly pointers will be created on the heap
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METHODS
Exercise Open laptop
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Class is some kind of an object ( an instance of a class )
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Classes always have
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Classes always have
A constructor
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Classes always have
A constructor
A destructor
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
To create a class we use the keyword new
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
To create a class we use the keyword new
When we use new the constructor of our class will be called
Creating an instance of a textbox class
TextBox* m_txtNamePtr = new TextBox()
Pointer to a textbox object
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Access specifiers
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Access specifiers
Private: only accessible inside the class
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Access specifiers
Private: only accessible inside the class
Public: accessible inside and outside the class
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Access specifiers
Private: only accessible inside the class
Public: accessible inside and outside the class
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Pointers
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Pointers
Created with *
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Pointers
Created with *
Dont forget to also initialize pointers -> m_txtNamePtr(nullptr)
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Pointers
Created with *
Dont forget to also initialize pointers -> m_txtNamePtr(nullptr)
TextBox* m_txtNamePtr
Pointer to a textbox object
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Pointers need to be deleted
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Pointers need to be deleted
When we dont need our object anymore we call delete on our object
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Pointers need to be deleted
When we dont need our object anymore we call delete on our object
Objects that are not deleted create a memory leak
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Pointers need to be deleted
When we dont need our object anymore we call delete on our object
Objects that are not deleted create a memory leak
In the destructor of our class we delete our object
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Pointers need to be deleted
When we dont need our object anymore we call delete on our object
Objects that are not deleted create a memory leak
In the destructor of our class we delete our object
Main::~Main()
{
delete m_txtNamePtr;
}
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Always delete your object inside the class you created it
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
Always delete your object inside the class you created it to avoid deleting an object
twice
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Destruction of an object
This is the error that will occur when delete is called on an object that is already
deleted
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CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Exercise Open laptop
Add 2 existing items Y.cpp and Y.h and rename them to Ball.cpp and Ball.h
Replace the Y with Ball in Ball.cpp and Ball.h (CTRL + H)
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