02 Introduction To Electricity

Basic Concepts of
Electricity
The Atom
An Atom Consists of
very small small
particles called
Nucleus. Which
Consists of
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons moves
around the nucleus in
a path called orbit .
Charge
If an atom has more protons than
electrons, it is Positively charged
If an atom has more electrons than
protons, it is Negatively charged
Charge
Charge is an electrical property of
atomic particles
Measured in Coulombs
Charge
Particle
Designation
Charge (C)
Proton
Positive
1.6 X 10-19 C
Neutron
Neutral
0C
Electron
Negative
-1.6 X 10-19 C
Electrons
A very small, elementary particle
Electrons are called charge carriers
Mass of 9.11 1031 kg

Charge of -1.6 X 10-19 C
Holes
Holes are also considered charge
carriers
Holes are locations of positive charge
Rather than being moving protons,
however, they are basically the absence of
electrons
Static Electricity
Electrons may be able to move around
between atoms.
When atoms are either stationary or

moving very slowly relative to each
other, we call this electrostatics or Static
Electricity.
Static Electricity can be

Produced by: Rubbing your feet on a carpet.
Rubbing your hair with a balloon.
Rubbing your hair with a Cumb.
Lightning in rainy seasons.
Static Electricity Rule: Objects with like charge tend to repel each
other.
Objects with different charge tend to
attract each other.
Like Charges Repel each

other.
In which direction the rod on the string will
move?
Opposite Charges Attract each

other.
In which direction will the rod on the string
swing?
Static Electricity
Piece of Metal
Moving Electrons
Electrons can move around between
atoms in one object or two
Static Electricity
Electrons can move in a constant direction

at a constant rate
Current
Electrical Variables:-
Current and voltage are the two

basic variables in electric circuits
Current
Electric current is the flow of electronic
charge in a conductor
Current
Electrons can only move freely around
some atoms.
Their movement depends on the type of

the atoms.
Conductors
What is a Conductor??
Substance in which electrons move freely is called
Conductors.
Example of Conductors.
Metals: silver, copper, aluminum.
Salt water.
Insulators
What is an Insulator???
substance which prevents electrons from
moving.
or allow electrons to flow in small amounts.
Example of an Insulator???
Wood.
Plastic.
Rubber.
Semiconductors
What is a Semiconductor??
Substance which allows electrons to flow
under some certain circumstances.
Or In a special Case
Example of Semiconductors.
Silicon
Germanium
Current
Current can only flow when a circuit is
completed
An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements
Current
The time rate of change of charge
dq q
I
dt t
Number of electrons (or holes) that pass a
single point in one second
Current
Measured in Amperes (A) = C/s
Note that we dont talk about electrons/sec
this would be a really large number
Is represented by the variable I or i
Example Problem
If 465 C of charge pass through a wire in
2.5 minutes, find the current in Amperes.
Current Direction
Current direction can be taken in the

direction that holes are moving.
Current Direction
Wire
Current Direction
Holes
Current Direction
Holes
Electrons
Current Direction
Current
Direction
Holes
Electrons
Current Direction
Current is actually the average forward
movement of all electrons
Direct Current
If current does not change with time, but
remains constant, we call it direct current
(dc)
A current that varies with time is called
alternating current (ac)
Direct Current
Alternating Current
When a current is constant with time,
we say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as dc. On the other hand,
a current that varies with time, reversing
direction periodically, is called
alternating current, abbreviated as ac.
Direct Current (DC)

6
Electron
Flow
Hole
Flow
10
10
0
t
10
10
Alternating Current (DC)

6
I( t )
10
10
0
t
10
10
Directions for Current
Voltage
The voltage associated with a circuit
element ,is the energy transferred per
unit of charge that flows through the
element.
The units of voltage are volts (V), which
are equivalent to joules per coulomb
(J/C).
Voltage
That makes current flow?
Voltage is the push to move electrons
Also called potential difference
Measured in volts
Voltage
Potential difference can be a result of:
Voltage sources, like batteries
Build up of static electricity
Voltage
The voltage is measured
across an element
Voltage is represented by
the variable V or v
The plus (+) and minus (-)
signs are used to define a
reference direction or
voltage polarity
Voltage
The vab can be interpreted
in two ways:
1. Point a is at a potential of
vab volts higher than point b
2. The potential at point a
with respect to point b is vab
Voltage
Inverting the voltage polarity
changes the sign of the
voltage
vab vba
Voltage
Both (a) and (b) represent the same
voltage
Voltage
In (a) point a is +9V above point b
In (b) point b is -9V above point a
Voltage
There is a 9-V voltage drop from a to b
There is a 9-V voltage rise from b to a
Voltage
A voltage drop from a to b is equivalent to
a voltage rise from b to a
Voltage Sources
Convert some other form of
energy into electrical energy
Potential Difference exists
across the two terminals
regardless of whether they are
connected
Current is induced only when

they are connected
+
-
Power
For practical purposes, we need to know
how much power a device can handle
A 100-watt bulb gives more light than a
60-watt bulb
Our bills to the utility companies charge us
for the electric energy consumed over the
months time
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work
There are lots of different kinds of
energy
Electrical
Chemical
Heat
Nuclear
Energy
Is always conserved
No energy is ever created it is only converted
from a different type of energy
No energy is ever destroyed, it is converted
into a different type of energy
Energy
Motors and generators convert energy
Motor
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Generator
Power
Power is the rate of expending or
absorbing energy
Measured in Watts (W)
Power
Depends on the current and voltage
through a circuit element
P=IXV
The power absorbed or supplied by an

element is the product of the voltage
across the element and the current
through it
Power
Voltage and current sources supply or put
energy into a circuit
Circuit elements (resistors) absorb energy
and transform the energy into another
form
Power
To determine the sign/polarity of the
power, we have to look at the current
direction and voltage polarity
We use the passive sign convention to
determine whether power is positive or
negative
Power
Passive sign convention says
If the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element
and P = + VI
Power
Passive sign convention says
If the current enters through the
negative terminal, P = - VI
Power
In general,
+ Power absorbed = - Power supplied
The Law of Conservation of Energy must

be obeyed in any electric circuit
The sum of power in a circuit must be zero
Summary
An electric circuit consists of electrical
elements connected together
Current is the rate of charge flow
Voltage is the energy required to move
charge through an element
Power is the energy supplied or absorbed
per unit time and is equal to I X V
PROBLEMS
Example Problem-1
The circuit below has five elements. If p2 = 100
W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = -60 W, p5 = 20 W. Calculate
the power p1 received or delivered by element 1.
Soln of Example Problem-1

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = -60 W, p5 = 20 W
We must approach this problem with

conservation of energy.

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = -60 W, p5 = 20 W
Sum of individual powers must be equal to zero.

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = -60 W, p5 = 20 W
p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 0

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = -60 W, p5 = 20 W
p1 100W 20W 60W 20W 0

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = 60 W, p5 = 20 W
p3 40W 0

p2 = 100 W, p3 = -20 W, p4 = 60 W, p5 = 20 W
p3 40W
Example Problem-2
For this voltage
source, how much
power is supplied to
the circuit?
What is the power
absorbed by the
circuit element?

Power absorbed by the
voltage source:
P I V
P 5 A 2V
P 10W
According to passive sign convention,
should the power be positive or
negative?
P 10W

Follow the same process
to find power absorbed
by the element (P1):
P I V
P 5 A 2V
P 10W
According to passive sign convention,

should the power be positive or
negative?
P 10W

We could have also
found this using
conservation of energy:
0 PS P1
0 10W P1
P 10W

02 Introduction To Electricity

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What are the basic components of an atom?

What are the basic components of an atom?

What is the difference between static electricity and current?

What is the difference between static electricity and current?

Basic Concepts of

Mass of 9.11 1031 kg

When atoms are either stationary or

Static Electricity can be

Like Charges Repel each

Opposite Charges Attract each

Electrons can move in a constant direction

Current and voltage are the two

Their movement depends on the type of

Is represented by the variable I or i

Current direction can be taken in the

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (DC)

Directions for Current

Current is induced only when

Measured in Watts (W)

The power absorbed or supplied by an

The Law of Conservation of Energy must

Soln of Example Problem-1

We must approach this problem with

Soln of Example Problem-1

Sum of individual powers must be equal to zero.

Soln of Example Problem-1

Soln of Example Problem-1

p1 100W 20W 60W 20W 0

Soln of Example Problem-1

Soln of Example Problem-1

Soln of Example Problem-2

Soln of Example Problem-2

According to passive sign convention,

Soln of Example Problem-2

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