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BASIC INSTRUMENTATION
SYSTEM
What are basic instruments

The instruments which are used for the
purpose to measure basic quantities (like

voltage , current) are called basic
instruments.
Electrical measurements and electronic
measurements(instrumentation)
Main Basic characteristics or properties of

an instrument
Accuracy
Precision
Linearity
Sensitivity
Dead time
Dead zone
Resolution
Accuracy
Accuracy of a measurement describes how
close the measurement approaches the true

value of the process variable.
% error over a range
x% over
% of full scale
% of span
Absolute over a range
x units over
full scale
span
Precision
Precision is the reproducibility with which
repeated measurements can be made under

identical conditions.
This may be referred to as drift.
Resolution
Resolution is the smallest amount of input
signal change that the instrument can detect

reliably.
Resolution is really a function of the instrument
Input Span
span and the controllers input capability.

The resolution of a 16 bit conversion is:
65,535
Input Span
The resolution of a 12 bit conversion is:

The bit error.
4,095
Why is precision preferred over accuracy?

Temperature measurement
Instrumentation Dynamic properties: Gain

and Dead Time
The gain of an instrument is often called
sensitivity.
The sensitivity of a sensor is the ratio of the output
signal to the change in process variable.

The dead time of an instrument is the time it
takes for an instrument to start reacting to

process change.
ERRORS
True value(At)
Measured value(Am)
What is an error
ERROR
Deviation of measured quantities from the
true values is called as the error
LIMITING ERROR
limiting error will specify the range of error
it is always W.R.T true value
Relative static error

Error taken over the true value is called
relative static error.

% RSE=(Am-At)/At
%RSE indicate the quality of the instrument.
Guarantied accuracy errors

It is the constant errors in the instrument.
Different types of errors

Gross erros: Error because of human
negligence
Systematic erros :
(a)instrumental error: error in
instrument
(b)observational error: like parallax error

(c)environmental error: error due to
environment
WHAT ARE TRASDUCERS?
INTRODUCTION OF TRANSDUCERS
A transducer is a device that convert one form of energy
to other form. It converts the measurand to a usable

electrical signal.
In other word it is a device that is capable of converting
the physical quantity into a proportional electrical
quantity such as voltage or current.
Pressure
Voltage
A transducer is a device that converts one
form of energy into another
Mechanical Transducers
The mechanical transducers are the
mechanical elements that are used for

converting one form of energy into other
form that can be measured easily. There
are number of mechanical transducers,
some of the commonly used ones are
described below:
1) Bellows: These are the elastic elements
that convert the air pressure into
displacement, and it is commonly used for
the measurement of pressure.
bellow
2) Bourdon tube: This elastic tube
converts air pressure to the rotary motion

of the pointer used to indicate the pressure.
3) Spring: The spring tend to expand
when force is applied to them, thus they

are used for the measurement of force.
4) Proving rings: Like the springs the
proving rings also convert applied force to
the displacement.
5) Diaphragm: It converts applied
pressure to the displacement.
6) Manometer: The manometer converts
the applied pressure into variable
displacement of the liquid within it enabling
to measure the pressure.
7) Thermocouple: Thermocouple is the devise that produces
electric current when one of its end is heated. The current

produce by the devise can be measured, which can be
calibrated against the temperature enabling us to measure the
temperature of the body.
8) Bimetals: These are the bimetallic strips comprising of two
different metals having different coefficient of thermal
expansion, joint together. When the strip is heated one metal
expands lesser while the other metal expands more leading to
the deflection of the bimetallic strip, which is converted into the
rotary motion of the pointer that indicates the temperature.
9) Hydropneumatic transducers: These include devices like
orifice, venturi, pitot tube, vanes and turbines that are used for
measurement of pressure, velocity, flow rate and force of water.
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BASIC INSTRUMENTATION

What are basic instruments

purpose to measure basic quantities (like

Main Basic characteristics or properties of

close the measurement approaches the true

repeated measurements can be made under

signal change that the instrument can detect

span and the controllers input capability.

The resolution of a 12 bit conversion is:

Why is precision preferred over accuracy?

Instrumentation Dynamic properties: Gain

signal to the change in process variable.

takes for an instrument to start reacting to

true values is called as the error

Relative static error

relative static error.

Guarantied accuracy errors

Different types of errors

(b)observational error: like parallax error

WHAT ARE TRASDUCERS?

to other form. It converts the measurand to a usable

A transducer is a device that converts one

form of energy into another

The mechanical transducers are the

mechanical elements that are used for

2) Bourdon tube: This elastic tube

converts air pressure to the rotary motion

3) Spring: The spring tend to expand

when force is applied to them, thus they

7) Thermocouple: Thermocouple is the devise that produces

electric current when one of its end is heated. The current

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