A113 P07 As

P07
Growing With Time

A113 Mathematics
Scenario
John was researching on the growth in quantity of a certain
type of micro-organism.
Scenario
He recorded his experimental
findings on their growth in quantity
over a period of time, in Table 1.
He plot out a graph of the quantity
of the micro-organism against
time, in Graph 1.
From Graph 1, he realised that it
was difficult for him to make
accurate estimations of the
quantity of the micro-organism at
certain time periods:
between 0 to 4 hours or
beyond his data collection time
period (e.g. after 6 hours)
Table 1
Time
(hours)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quantity (Q)
1
10
110
1,092
11,036
109,600
1,145,000
Graph 1 :
Quantity of micro-organism against Time
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
Quantity
400,000
200,000
0
0
Time (hours)
Scenario
Table 2
Time
(hours)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
He applied the logarithmic scale to

the quantity of micro-organism, as
shown in Table 2 and plotted
Graph 2.
Task 1:
Identify the benefits of
representing Johns data in
Graph 2 as compared to that
of Graph 1.
lg Q
0
1
2.041
3.038
4.043
5.040
6.059
Graph 2 :
lg (Quantity) against Time
7
6
5
f(x) = 2.76 ln(x) + 0.51
lg (Quantity)
3
2
1
0
0
Time (hours)
Scenario
Task 2:
Given that lg Q = 1.0092 t + 0.004,
Investigate the time at which the quantity of the
micro- organism will reach 2000.
Task 3:
If a small amount of a certain substance was supplied
to the micro-organisms at optimal temperature, the
growth of the micro-organism increases and the quantity
of the micro-organism can be described as
lg Q = 3 log210t + log2102t
Investigate the time at which the quantity of the
micro- organism will reach 2000.
Learning Objectives
Define a logarithmic function
Apply laws of logarithm to solve equations involving
logarithmic and exponential functions:
Identify graphs of exponential and logarithmic
functions
Recognize the benefits of representing an
exponential data in a logarithmic scale
Exponential Growth
An exponential growth is one in which the proportion in growth
for every fixed time interval is the same.
In Table 1 of Johns collected data, the quantity of micro-organism
increases by a factor of 10 for every 1 hour.
Number of times the quantity increased
Time
(hours)
Quantity (Q)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
10
110
1,092
11,036
109,600
1,145,000
current quantity
previous quantity
= 10/1
= 10
= 110/10
10
= 1,092/110
= 9.927 10
= 11,036/1,092 =10.106 10
= 109,600/11,036 = 9.931 10
= 1,145,000/109,600=10.447 10
From 2 to 3 hours, the quantity increased by a factor of 1,092/110 10

From 3 to 4 hours, the quantity increased by a factor of 11,036/1,092 10
In other words, the growth of the micro-organism resembles an

exponential growth.
Introduction to Logarithm
After applying logarithmic scale to the quantity of micro-organism
in Table 1, the values in Table 2 are obtained.
Table 1
Time (hours)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Table 2
Quantity (Q)
1
10
110
1,092
11,036
109,600
1,145,000
Time
(hours)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Graph 1 :
Quantity of micro-organism against Time
1,200,000
lg Q
0
1
2.041
3.038
4.043
5.040
6.059
Graph 2 :
lg (Quantity) against Time
7
6
1,000,000
800,000
f(x) = 2.76 ln(x) + 0.51
600,000
lg (Quantity)
3
Quantity
400,000
200,000
0
0
Time (hours)
Time (hours)
Introduction to Logarithm
What is Logarithm?
Definition of Logarithmic Function

In the following logarithmic function:
x log b y
x is the __________ of y to the ______ b
(where b > 0, b 1, y > 0)
This means that x is the ________ to which b must
be raised to produce y:
y b
Definition of Logarithmic Function

Commonly used values for log base are 10 and e,
where e 2.71828 (mathematical constant)
Logarithmic
expression
Standard
notation
Calculat
or
Common
Logarithm
log
Natural
Logarithm
ln
For example, to evaluate or ,

We press log 2 in the calculator to get 0.30
Test Yourself
Using calculator, evaluate the following
logarithmic expressions:
Laws of Logarithm
Changing Logarithmic form to Exponential form

Logarithm of Base and Logarithm of 1
Power Law
Product Law and Quotient Law
Change of Base
Changing Logarithmic form to

Exponential form
The logarithmic form can be changed to the
exponential form as follow:
Example:
Given that , find the value of x.
Test Yourself
Given that , find the value of y.
Logarithm of 1 & Logarithm of Base

Since
will result in:
will result in:
These are important results in logarithm functions.
Test Yourself
Evaluate the following logarithmic expressions:
Note:
Product Law & Quotient Law

Product Law:
Quotient Law:
Example:
Evaluate
Test Yourself
Given that , find the value of A.
Given that , find the value of B.
Power Law
x times
Example:
Given that , find the value of p.
Test Yourself
Given that , find the value of y.
Change of Base
To change the base of a logarithmic function from
b to new base m:
This allows us to use a calculator to evaluate a log

to any base other than 10 or e.
Example:
Test Yourself
Evaluate
Using Logarithm to Solve Equation

Consider the following equation:
To solve for x, you have to find out what exponent
3 has to be raised to produce 5
Since and , x is not an integer
Hence, logarithm needs to be used to find x:
Take common
logarithm of both sides
Apply Power Law
Using Logarithm to Solve Equation

Consider another equation involving e:
Recall that _________
Hence, taking _______________ of both sides
results in a simpler equation to solve for x:
Test Yourself
Exponential and Logarithmic Graphs

For an exponential function (where a > 1, a 1):
y
y is always positive
When x = 0,
(0, 1)
x
For a logarithmic function (where a > 1, a 1):

y
x is always positive
When x = 1,
(1, 0)
Learning Points
Define a logarithmic function
Laws of logarithm
Changing Logarithmic form to
Exponential form
Logarithm of 1
Logarithm of Base
Product
Product Law
Law
Quotient Law
Power
Power Law
Law
Change of Base
Identify graphs of exponential and logarithmic

functions
One-Minute Write
Please produce a written response of either of the
following in only one minute:
Identify what you found the most complex point
is from the seminar, or
Write down a question you have with respect to
the concepts learnt so far.

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P07

Growing With Time

He applied the logarithmic scale to

f(x) = 2.76 ln(x) + 0.51

From 2 to 3 hours, the quantity increased by a factor of 1,092/110 10

In other words, the growth of the micro-organism resembles an

f(x) = 2.76 ln(x) + 0.51

Definition of Logarithmic Function

Definition of Logarithmic Function

For example, to evaluate or ,

Changing Logarithmic form to Exponential form

Changing Logarithmic form to

Given that , find the value of y.

Logarithm of 1 & Logarithm of Base

will result in:

will result in:

These are important results in logarithm functions.

Product Law & Quotient Law

Given that , find the value of B.

Given that , find the value of y.

This allows us to use a calculator to evaluate a log

Using Logarithm to Solve Equation

Using Logarithm to Solve Equation

Given that , find the value of x.

Exponential and Logarithmic Graphs

For a logarithmic function (where a > 1, a 1):

Identify graphs of exponential and logarithmic

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