Basic Safety Orientation

Training
 Hazard Communication  Confined Space
 Respirators
 Fire / Fire Extinguishers
 Personal Protective
Equipment
 Basic First Aid (not
 Hearing Conservation certified training)
 Fall Protection  Blood Borne Pathogens
 Lockout Tagout  Heat/Cold Stress
 Good Safety Practices
Hazard Communication
 “The Right To Know”
 Chemical Hazards
 Written Program
 Training
 Container Labels
 Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS)
 Inventory List
 Chemical Hazards
 Flammable/Explosion
 Flash point
 LEL
 Toxic/Poison
 Acute / Chronic
 Local / Systemic
 Routes of entry
 Reactive
 Corrosive
Container Labels
 Shipping Labels
 Manufacturer’s
Warnings
 NFPA Diamond /
HMIS Labels
 Health, Fire, and
Reactive Hazards
NFPA Diamond
Material Safety Data Sheets
 Identity of Material and Manufacturer
 Hazardous Ingredients
 Physical and Chemical
Characteristics
 Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
 Reactivity Data
 Health Hazard Data (Limits,
Symptoms, etc.)
 Precautions for Safe Handling
 Control Measures and First Aid
 Respiratory Hazards
 Toxic
 Dusts, fumes, and mists (particulate)
 Gases and vapors
 Oxygen deficiency or enrichment
 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
(IDLH)
 Respiratory (Occupational)
Exposure Limits
 Permissible Exposure Limit - OSHA PEL
 Threshold Limit Value - ACGIH TLV
 Time-Weighted-Average - TWA
 Short Term Exposure Limit - STEL
 Ceiling Limit - TLV-C or PEL-C
 “Skin” notation
 Protection for a Working Lifetime
Respiratory Protection
 Air-Purifying (APR)  Supplied Air (SAR)
 Dust Mask  Air-line
 Half Face
 Hood style
 Full Face
 Powered Air-Purifying
 Facepiece style
Respirators (PAPR)  Half Face
 Full Face
 Escape
provisions
 Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
Respirator Protection Factors (PF)
 Air-Purifying (APR)1  Supplied Air (SAR)2
 Dust Mask - 10  Air-line
 Half Face - 10  Hood style - 100

 Full Face -  Facepiece style

50
 Powered Air-Purifying - 1000
 Escape provisions -
Respirators (PAPR) -
100 >10,000
 Self Contained

1- Negative pressure in facepiece Breathing Apparatus

(SCBA) - >10,000
2- Positive Pressure in facepiece
Limitations
 Air-Purifying (APR)  Supplied Air (SAR)
 Concentration of  Concentration of
contaminant (PF) contaminant (PF)
 Oxygen level (19.5%-  Must provide “Grade
23.5%) D” air source
 Cartridge useful life  More cumbersome /
 Warning properties unwieldy
(some substances  Mobility (air line style)
can’t be detected or  Length of work time
are too toxic) (SCBA style)
 Respirator Program Elements
 Written Procedures  Maintenance
 Selection of Respirators  Inspection
 Training of Users  Work Area Surveillance
 Fit-Testing  Medical Fitness
 Initial  Program Auditing
 Annual  Using Certified Respirators
 Changing brand  NO BEARDS

 Cleaning and Storage  No Glasses with Full Face

Personal Protective Equipment
 Required when engineering or administrative
controls are inadequate.
 Must be properly selected and worn.
 Training is required.
 Pre-Job analysis
 Hazard Assessment
Head Protection
 Hard Hats (Safety
Helmets)
 Class A - Limited
voltage protection
 Class B - High voltage
protection
 Class C - No voltage
protection
 Class D - Firefighter’s
helmet
 Bump Caps
 Not recommended
Eye and Face Protection
 Safety Glasses
(minimum requirement)
 Goggles - better
protection for
chemicals, splashes,
dusts, or projectiles.
 Face Shield - better for
splashes or projectiles
 Chemical Splash Hood
 shoulder length or
longer
Hand and Foot Protection
 Gloves / sleeves  Shoes / Boots
 General duty  Steel toe
 Cotton, leather  Compression,

 Sharp objects puncture

 Leather, kevlar  Metatarsal guards
 Protects top of
 Cuts
 Kevlar
foot behind toe
 Chemical resistant
 Chemical
 Prevents contact
 Multiple types
with chemicals
Chemical Protective Clothing
 Qualities  Types
 Puncture  Full Encapsulating
resistance suit
 Wear resistance  Splash suit
 Tactility  Coveralls
 Degradation  Hoods
 Permeation
 Gloves
 Boots
 Boot / Shoe covers
Hearing Conservation
 Hearing Loss
 Disease
 Age
 Excessive Noise
 workplace

 environmental

 recreational

 Other Effects of Noise

 Elevated blood
pressure, stress,
sleeplessness
Noise Levels
 Measured in decibels
(dB)
 Whisper- 10-20 dB
 Speech- 60 dB
 Noisy Office- 80 dB
 Lawnmower- 95 dB
 Passing Truck- 100 dB
 Jet Engine- 150 dB
 OSHA Limit (PEL) - 85
dB
Noise Exposure
 Continuous
 constant level over time
 Intermittent
 levels vary over an area or start and stop
 Impact
 sharp burst of sound (nail gun, hammer)
 Hearing Protectors

 Ear Plugs - preferred (NRR* 20-30 dB)

 Ear Muffs - 2nd choice (NRR 15-30 dB)
 Double Hearing Protectors (plugs and muffs)
(NRR 30-40 dB) used for levels over 115 dB
(*NRR = Noise Reduction Rating - an approximate decibel reduction
provided by the protector in lab conditions. Subtract 7 dB for
approximate “real world” attenuation)
 Audiometric Testing

 Initial Testing - Baseline for reference

 Annual Testing - periodic monitoring
 Performed when exposure exceeds OSHA limit
 Assures protection is adequate
 Evaluation is age-adjusted
 Fall Protection

 Any open edge higher than six (6) feet

 Guardrail System
 Safety Net System
 Personal Fall Arrest System
 Any fixed ladder higher than 20 feet
 Ladder Safety Device (with body harness)
 Safety Cage with offset landings every 30 feet
Personal Fall Arrest System
 Full Body Harness
 Lanyard (regular or retractable)
 Shock Absorber
 Locking Snap Hooks (no single action)
 Lifeline (as needed)
 Anchorage
 Must hold 5000 lbs.
Fall Clearance (not a sale!)
 Scaffolding

 Erected by “Competent  Tie-Off if no railing

Person”  Access ladders
 Sound, rigid footing  Get down from “rolling”
 No overloading scaffold to move it
 Scaffold Grade Planking  No portable ladders on
 Railings / toeboards scaffolding
 Portable Ladders

 Use only approved  Secure top of extension

ladders ladders
 Inspect before use  Extend 3 feet above
 Use both hands access or working level
 One person only  Use 4:1 lean ratio
 Firm, level footing
 Do not use as platform
or scaffold
 Use fall arrest if > 6 ft.
working from ladder
Aerial Lifts
 Secure lanyard to
anchor point
 Never use a ladder from
a lift
 Don’t over extend boom
lifts
 Follow manufacturer’s
safety notices
Lockout/Tagout
 Control of Hazardous
Energy
 Electrical
 Mechanical
 Thermal
 Pressure
 Chemical
 Kinetic / Gravity
 Prevention of injuries
caused by release of
Hazardous Energy
Lockout
 Lock device applied to
energy control point
 A positive means to
secure isolation point
 Individual reponsible for
own lock & key
 Preferred method
Tagout
 Tag device applied to energy control point
 Used in conjunction with Lockout
 Used when Lockout not feasible
 Name, date, time, purpose, etc.
Performing Lockout/Tagout
 Preparation
 Identify the energy
source(s)
 Determine how to control
the energy
 Dissipate residual energy
 Block components
subject to movement
 Shutdown Equipment
 Follow normal stopping
procedures
 Allow motion to stop
Applying Lockout/Tagout
 Close or shut off all energy sources
 Apply locks and/or tags
 Verify isolation - “Try”
 Try the switch
 Try the start button
 Contractors may need assistance or
procedures to identify all energy sources
Removing Lockout/Tagout
 Remove tools and
equipment
 Replace guards and
covers
 Check for all clear
 Remove your locks and
tags
 Other locks & tags may
remain
 Notify responsible party
of completion
Confined (Permit) Space Entry

 OSHA Definition
 Limited means of entry or exit
 Not intended for human occupancy
 May / could contain a hazardous atmosphere
 Contains engulfment or entrapment hazards
 Contains other hazards
 Tanks, vessels, storage hoppers, pipelines,
manholes, tankers, bins, excavations, etc.
Atmospheric Hazards
 Oxygen Deficiency /
Enrichment - below
19.5% or above 23.5%
 Flammable / Explosive -
LEL above 5%
 Toxic - above PEL,
unknown, or IDLH
 Control with testing,
ventilation, and/or PPE
 Other Hazards

 Hazardous Energy - Lockout / Tagout

 Electrical, Thermal, Mechanical, Pressure,
Chemical
 Entrapment - plan for avoidance and retrieval
 Engulfment - plan for avoidance and retrieval
 Rescue - plan for retrieval, must have
Attendant and communications
Confined Space Permits
 Facility issued
 Contractor issued
 Supervisor prepares
 Sign In / Out
 Atmospheric testing
 Hazard controls
 Renew when expired
Entrants, Attendants and
Supervisors
 Entrants
 Enter the space  Attendants
 Perform the work  Be present continuously

 Exit on Attendant’s  Maintain headcount

orders  Maintain contact with
 Supervisor entrants
 Perform air monitoring  Orders evacuation,

 Control other hazards activates rescue

 Prevent unauthorized
 Complete permit
entry
Confined SpaceVentilation
 Positive - blowing air into the space, exhaust
is through openings
 Negative - pulling air out of the space,
exhaust is through blower
 Explosion-proof equipment if needed
 Purging / Inerting - inert gas (nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, argon) used to replace oxygen
atmosphere in space for HOT work
Special Equipment - Confined
Space Entry
 Full Body Harness – often required
 Lifeline (Retrieval Line)
 Mechanical Retrieval System - required for
vertical entries exceeding five (5) feet
 Fall Protection Anchorage
 Testing meters
 Oxygen
 Combustible gas
 Toxic chemicals
Elements of Fire
 Elements of Combustion (Fire Triangle)
 All required for a fire to occur.
 Trend is to include “Chemical Reaction” as
fourth element (Fire Tetrahedron).
Fire Properties & Chemistry
 Solids do not burn. Gases burn.
 Fuel must release gases/vapors
– may require heating. (Ray
Bradbury – Fahrenheit 451)
 Fuel gases must mix /w Oxygen
in proper proportion (Lean / Rich
- Flammable Range).
 Must be a source of ignition.
Fire Terms
 Flash Point
 Flammable Range
(Lean/Rich)
 LEL/UEL (LFL/UFL)
 Ignition Temperature
 Flammable vs. Combustible
liquids
 Bonding and Grounding
Classes of Fires
Classes of Fires
 Fire Extinguishant Materials
 Water - class A only - cools /removes heat
 Dry Chemical - class A, B, or C - interferes with
chemical reaction
 Carbon Dioxide - class A, B, or C (usually C) -
removes Oxygen / smothers fire
 Halon – (being phased out - ozone) class A, B, or C
(usually C) - removes Oxygen / smothers fire
 Metl-X - class D only - specialized dry chemical for
metal fires
 Foam – Class B, holds down vapors
Fire Extinguisher Features
 Operating lever
 Locking pin
 Pressure gauge
 Discharge nozzle
 Label
 type of extinguisher
(A,B,C,D)
 instructions
Fire Extinguisher Use
 Select correct extinguisher for class of fire
 Pull the locking pin
 Aim at base of fire
 Squeeze and hold the discharge lever
 Sweep from side to side
 CAUTION - monitor the area, the fire could re-
ignite
 Always notify supervisor of extinguisher use
so it can be replaced or recharged and the fire
investigated
Basic First Aid
 Shock
 Lay victim down  Burns
 Keep victim warm  1st Degree - redness

 Keep victim calm only, flush with cool water

 Get assistance  2nd Degree - blisters,
place damp bandage, use
 Bleeding
no ointments
 Use clean bandage  3rd Degree - white or
 Apply pressure charred, use dry bandage
 Elevate wound  2nd or 3rd - get medical
attention
 Basic First Aid, cont.
 Chemical Burns
 Fractures  Flush with water for 15
 Closed fractures - (no minutes minimum
protruding bones),  Bites and Stings
immobilize  Be aware of bee sting
 Open fractures - allergies
immobilize, control  Poisonous bites - seek
bleeding medical attention
 Head and Neck Injuries
 DO NOT MOVE VICTIM
Bloodborne Pathogens
 Aids
 Hepatitis
 Hep-B vaccines for
designated persons
 No contact with blood or
body fluids
 Wear protective
equipment, especially
gloves & safety glasses
 Hospital / Laboratory
Waste - “Red Bag”
 Sharps disposal
Temperature Stress - Cold
 Dress in layers
 Limit exposed skin
 Frostbite - localized
frozen tissue
 Do not rub area, limit
motion, warm slowly
 Hypothermia - lowered
body temperature
 Remove wet clothing,
use dry blankets
 Seek medical attention
Temperature Stress - Heat
 Sunburn - keep skin covered
 Heat Cramps - drink dilute “Gatorade”
 Heat Exhaustion - heavy sweating, cool skin
 Cool victim, seek medical attention if vomiting
 Heat Stroke - medical emergency
 Hot, dry skin, rapid then weakening pulse
 Cool victim immediately
 Good Safety Practices

 Inspect work area daily

 Be an observer - stay alert
 Housekeeping, Housekeeping, Housekeeping
 Use your best safety device - THINK
 If you’re not sure - ASK someone!!
 Report Injuries/Incidents/Illnesses
 Report safety issues to the safety committee