EX- 501

Utilization
of
Electrical Energy
Unit-V
Introduction to Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles

UNIT V- Introduction to Electric

and Hybrid Vehicles
Configuration and performance of
electrical vehicles,
traction motor characteristics,
tractive effort, transmission
requirement,
vehicle performance and energy
consumption.

Electric car

Anelectric caris anautomobilethat ispropelledby

oneelectric motoror more, using electrical energy
stored inbatteriesor another energy storage
device.Electric motorsgive electric cars instant torque,
creating strong and smooth acceleration
Electric cars are significantly more expensive than
conventionalinternal combustion enginevehicles. Hybrid
electric vehicles are expensive due to the additional
cost of theirbatterypack.
Electric cars have several benefits over conventional
internal combustion engine automobiles, including a
significant reduction of localair pollution.
An EV recharged from the grid electricity emits about
115grams ofCO2per kilometer, whereas a conventional
Patrol powered car emits 250g(CO2)/km

Configuration and performance of

electrical vehicles
Electric vehicles are divided into two general categories:
battery-electric vehicles and hybrid-electric vehicles
A switch to Electric Vehicles would reduce the total primary
energy consumed for personal transportation as EVs are more
energy efficient than Conventional Vehicles.
A Battery EV produces zero vehicular emissions.
Hybrid EV leads to more effective emission controls because
it is technically easier to control combustion-engine emissions
when the engine runs continuously and at a constant output.
EV can also reverse direction and convert vehicle motion
(kinetic energy) back into energy stores through regenerative
braking
Some electric vehicles have very small motors, 15kW some
have bigger 55 to 200 KW for more Acceleration.

Battery-electric vehicles

Hybrid Vehicle

Batteries for electric car

Lead acid batteriesare still the most used form of
power for most of the electric vehicles used today.
Most current highway-speed electric vehicle designs
focus onlithium-ionand other lithium-based batteries.
DC Fast Chargingstations recharge battery to 80
percent in about 30 minute.
Battery swapping: An alternative to quick recharging is
to exchange a discharged battery or battery pack for a
fully charged one.
Battery life should be considered when calculating the
extended cost of ownership, as all batteries eventually
wear out and must be replaced.

Why Not Just Big Batteries?

Lead-acid battery energy density is
only about 1% of that in Patrol.

Grainger Center for

Electric Machines and
Electromechanics
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign

Electric and Hybrid Gallery

General Motors EV1.
650 Kg battery pack at
312 V, 102 kW motor.
0-60 mph in less than 9
s.

Volvo turbine-based
hybrid prototype.

Electric Car Component

Toyota Hybrid Specs

1500 cc engine.
Small NiMH battery set, 288 V.
40 HP motor, ac permanent magnet
type.
Continuously-variable transmission with
sun-planet gear set for energy control.
0-60 mph in about 17 s.
Rated 30 Km/ L city, 48 Km/ L highway.

Electric and
Hybrid Car Gallery

Toyota architecture
Honda architecture:

 Adifferentialis a particular type of simpleplanetary

gear trainthat has the property that the angular
velocity of its carrier is the average of the angular
velocities of its sun and annular gears. This is
accomplished by packaging the gear train so it has
afixed carrier train ratioR = -1, which means the gears
corresponding to the sun and annular gears are the
same size. This can be done by engaging the planet
gears of two identical and coaxialepicyclic gear
trainsto form aspur gear differential. Another
approach is to usebevel gearsfor the sun and annular
gears and a bevel gear as the planet, which is known
as abevel gear differential.

A spur gear differential

constructed by engaging the
planet gears of two co-axial
epicyclic gear trains. The
casing is the carrier for this

Vehicle performance and energy consumption

Electric vehicles consume less energy than

fossil fuel vehicles.
An electric vehicle consumes around three
times less final energy than a fossil fuel (=
petrol, diesel) vehicle with the same
weight and the same performance.
However, energy is required to produce
fossil fuel and electricity, as well as to
distribute them. If we include this energy,
then fossil fuel vehicles consume Well-toWheel 20 to 80% more primary energy
than electric vehicles of the same weight
and performance, excluding driving range
(20% = diesel-lead comparison, 80% =

Vehicle performance
Electric vehicles generate significantly less CO 2 than
fossil fuel vehicles.
Electric vehicles do not produce emissions and
therefore, on a Tank-to-Wheel basis, cause infinitely
less pollution than fossil fuel vehicles.
If we compare Well-to-Wheel CO 2 emissions
generated from the source of the primary energy
(oil well, mine) to the vehicle, an electric vehicle
generates on average, less than half the CO 2 of a fossil
fuel vehicle of the same weight and performance .
Electric vehicles will generally be smaller and lighter
and therefore even cleaner and more fuel-efficient.

Petrol-engined, Diesel-engined vehicle

Petrol-engined: Nominally, for each kWh of
energy transmitted to the wheels, around 5.6
kWh of petrol in the tank is required Tank-toWheel (18% efficiency= 1 kWh) ). This
number is higher in most real traffic
conditions.
Diesel-engined: Nominally, for each kWh of
energy transmitted to the wheels, around 4.5
kWh of fuel is required Tank-to-Wheel (22%
efficiency = 1 kWh). This number is higher in
most real traffic conditions.

 Electric vehicle with lead-acid batteries

For each kWh of energy transmitted to the

wheels, an average of 1.7 kWh of electrical
energy is required Battery-to-Wheel (= 1
kWh / 60%). Nominal Well-to-Wheel
consumption: approximately 15 to 39
kWh/100 km
Electric vehicle with lithium batteries
For each kWh of energy transmitted to the
wheels, an average of 1.4 kWh of electrical
energy is required (= 1 kWh / 72%).
Nominal Battery-to-Wheel consumption:
12.7 to 20 kWh of electricity/100 km

Benefits of Electric Car

Regenerative braking
Usingregenerative braking, a feature
which is present on manyelectric
and hybrid electric vehicles,
approximately 20% of the energy
usually lost in the brakes is
recovered to recharge the batteries
Pollution free on road.
Smooth driving

Traction motor
characteristics

Tractive effort
Itis theforcegenerated by a vehicle's
engine or motor in order to
generatemotionthrough tractive force.
Tractive effort differs fromtractive force,
which is the actual force applied at the
road surface, by the amount ofrolling
resistancepresent. In mathematical termsTractive Effort = Tractive Force + Rolling
Resistance

60

TE Measurement

Tractive effort or Drag (kN)

50

TE Approximation
Drag

40

30

20

10

0
0

10

15

20

25

Speed (m/s)

30

35

40

45

50

FRP e-rickshaw Indian

manufactured

These rickshaws are built on M.S(Mild

Steel)Chassis,consist of 3 wheels
with a differential mechanism at rear
wheels. The motor is brush less DC
motor manufactured mostly in India
and China. The electrical system used
in Indian version is 48V and
Bangladesh is 60V. The body design
from most popular Chinese version is
of very thin iron or aluminum sheets.
Some variants made in fiber are also
popular because of their strength and
durability, resulting in low
maintenance.[7]Body design is varied
from load carriers. passenger vehicles
with no roof, to full body with
windshield for drivers comfort[8]It
consist of a controller unit.They are
sold on the basis ofvoltagesupplied
andcurrentoutput, also the number
ofmosfet(metal oxide field effect
transistor) used.[8]The battery used is
mostlylead acid batterywith life of 6

Fuel Cell
- an electrochemical energy
conversion device

To convert the chemicals hydrogen and

oxygen into water, and in the process it
produces electricity.
Battery : the other electrochemical device
that we are all familiar.
A battery has all of its chemicals stored
inside, and it converts those chemicals into
electricity too.
This means that a battery eventually "goes
dead" and you either throw it away or

For a fuel cell

Chemicals constantly flow into the cell
so it never goes dead.
As long as there is a flow of chemicals
into the cell,
the electricity flows out of the cell.
Most fuel cells in use today use
hydrogen and oxygen as the
chemicals.

All fuel cells have the same

basic operating principle.
An input fuel is catalytically reacted
(electrons removed from the fuel
elements) in the fuel cell to create an
current.
electric
Fuel cells
consist of an electrolyte material which is
sandwiched in between two thin electrodes (porous
anode and cathode).
The input fuel passes over the anode (and oxygen over
the cathode) where it catalytically splits into ions and
electrons.
The electrons go through an external circuit to serve an
electric load while the ions move through the
electrolyte toward the oppositely charged electrode.
At the electrode, ions combine to create by-products,

 It consists of three components - a cathode,

an anode, and an electrolyte sandwiched
between the two.

Oxygen from the air flows through the cathode

A fuel gas containing hydrogen, such as
methane, flows past the anode.
Negatively charged oxygen ions migrate
through the electrolyte membrane react with
the hydrogen to form water,
The reacts with
the methane fuel
to form hydrogen (H2) &
carbon dioxide (CO2).

This electrochemical reaction generates

electrons, which flow from the anode to an
external load and back to the cathode,
a final step that both completes the circuit and
supplies electric power.
To increase voltage output, several fuel cells are
stacked together to form the heart of a clean
power generator.

Animation of PEMFC

Electrochemical
reactions in PAFC

At the anode:
Hydrogen is split into two hydrogen ions (H+),
which pass through the electrolyte to the
cathode, and
two electrons which pass through the external
circuit (electric load) to the cathode.
At the cathode:
the hydrogen, electrons and oxygen combine to
form water.

Problems with Fuel Cells

The fuel cell uses oxygen and hydrogen to produce

electricity.
The oxygen required for a fuel cell comes from the air.
In fact, in the PEM fuel cell, ordinary air is pumped into
the cathode.
The hydrogen is not so readily available, however.
Hydrogen has some limitations that make it impractical
for use in most applications.
For instance, you don't have a hydrogen pipeline
coming to your house, and you can't pull up to a
hydrogen pump at your local gas station.
Hydrogen is difficult to store and distribute, so it would
be much more convenient if fuel cells could use fuels
that are more readily available.
This problem is addressed by a device called a reformer
.

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL

SUBJECT: UEE

ASSIGNMENT NO :
5
SESSION : JULY DEC 2014
Utilization of
Electrical Energy

SEM:

SECTION: A & B

ISSUE DATE:
15/10/15

SUBMISSION
DATE:2/11/15

DEPT : EX
Electrical and
Electronics
CODE
501
FACULT M.K.Malu
Y
RETURN DATE:
5/11/15

methods
of

1. Explain with sketches three important

transmission of mechanical power from traction motor to the
driving wheel.
2. Give essential electric and mechanical characteristics of
traction motor.
3. What is vehicle performance and energy consumption?