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    Rsa 2

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    shahad
    Cryptography is the study of encoded information. Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm called a cipher and a key. Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext. Substitution ciphers substitute one character for another while transposition ciphers rearrange the order of characters. Modern cryptography uses more sophisticated schemes like asymmetric encryption which uses a public key and private key.

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    Rsa 2

    Uploaded by

    shahad
    90 views15 pages
    Cryptography is the study of encoded information. Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm called a cipher and a key. Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext. Substitution ciphers substitute one character for another while transposition ciphers rearrange the order of characters. Modern cryptography uses more sophisticated schemes like asymmetric encryption which uses a public key and private key.

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    Cryptography is the study of encoded information. Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm called a cipher and a key. Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext. Substitution ciphers substitute one character for another while transposition ciphers rearrange the order of characters. Modern cryptography uses more sophisticated schemes like asymmetric encryption which uses a public key and private key.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    90 views15 pages

    Rsa 2

    Uploaded by

    shahad
    Cryptography is the study of encoded information. Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm called a cipher and a key. Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext. Substitution ciphers substitute one character for another while transposition ciphers rearrange the order of characters. Modern cryptography uses more sophisticated schemes like asymmetric encryption which uses a public key and private key.

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    Chapter 12

    Cryptography
    (slides edited by Erin Chambers)

    Cryptography
    Cryptography
    The field of study related to encoded information
    (comes from Greek word for "secret writing")
    Encryption
    The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext
    Decryption
    The process of converting ciphertext into plaintext
    2

    Cryptography
    Encryption

    plaintext
    message

    ciphertext
    message
    Decryption

    Encrypted(Information) cannot be read


    Decrypted(Encrypted(Information)) can be
    3

    Cryptography
    Cipher
    An algorithm used to encrypt and decrypt
    text
    Key
    The set of parameters that guide a cipher
    Neither is any good without the other
    4

    Substitution Ciphers
    A cipher that substitutes one character
    with another.
    These can be as simple as swapping a
    list, or can be based on more complex
    rules.
    These are NOT secure anymore, but they
    used to be quite common. What has
    changed?

    Caesar ciphers
    ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
    DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC

    Substitute the letters in the second row for the letters in the
    top row to encrypt a message
    Encrypt(COMPUTER) gives FRPSXWHU
    Substitute the letters in the first row for the letters in the
    second row to decrypt a message
    Decrypt(Encrypt(COMPUTER))
    = Decrypt(FRPSXWHU) = COMPUTER
    6

    Transposition Cipher
    TODAY
    +IS+M
    ONDAY
    Write the letters in a row of five, using '+' as a blank. Encrypt by starting
    spiraling inward from the top left moving counter clockwise
    Encrypt(TODAY IS MONDAY) gives T+ONDAYMYADOIS+
    Decrypt by recreating the grid and reading the letters across the row
    The key are the dimension of the grid and the route used to encrypt the
    data

    Cryptanalysis
    Cryptanalysis
    The process of decrypting a message
    without knowing the cipher or the key used
    to encrypt it
    Substitution and transposition ciphers are
    easy for modern computers to break
    To protect information more sophisticated
    schemes are needed
    8

    Encryption on computers
    Roughly speaking, there are two different broad
    types of encryption that are used on computers
    today
    Symmetric encryption relies on keeping keys totally
    secret
    Asymmetric encryption actually publicizes one key,
    but keeps some information private also

    Neither is really better - they just use different


    principles.
    In reality, both are vulnerable to attacks.

    Symmetric, or private key


    cryptography
    Most common type is called a block cipher
    Processes the plaintext in fixed sizes blocks

    Examples include DES, 3DES, and AES


    All require a secret key which is known by
    both parties in the communication
    Main issue here: need to securely swap
    the key. How can we do this?

    Public/Private Keys
    What is it?
    An approach in which each user has two related
    keys, one public and one private
    One's public key is distributed freely
    A person encrypts an outgoing message, using
    the receiver's public key.
    Only the receiver's private key can decrypt the
    message
    11

    RSA
    In 1977, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman
    came up with another way to use public
    key cryptography
    Rather than secure key exchanges, this
    one actually lets you encrypt whole
    messages
    Today, this is the most commonly used
    public key cryptosystem on the market

    How RSA works


    Choose 2 prime numbers, p and q
    Set n=pq
    Compute (n) = the number of numbers
    less than n which are relatively prime to n
    (That means numbers which have no
    common divisors.)

    Here, (n) = (p) (q)


    What is (p)? (q)?

    RSA (cont.)
    So (n) = (p-1)(q-1), which we can compute.
    Note that this is hard to find if you dont know p
    and q, but its easy if you do.
    Now pick a value e, where e is relatively prime to
    (n) . This is your public key.
    Compute another value d, where we must have
    de = 1 mod (n). This is your private key.
    Example: Suppose e = 2, n = 11. Then d = 6, since
    we know (6)(2) mod 11= 12 mod 11 = 1

    Encrypting with RSA


    Now I have a message m, as well as e
    and n.
    I compute c = me mod n, and send it to
    you.
    You have d, so you can compute the value
    cd mod n = (me)d mod n = m1 mod n.
    But without d, this is not easy! Equivalent
    to factoring in difficulty.

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