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POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
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Course Objectives
To recognize the normal rhythm of the
heart - Normal Sinus Rhythm.
To recognize the 13 most common
rhythm disturbances.
To recognize an acute myocardial
infarction on a 12-lead ECG.
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Learning Modules
ECG Basics
How to Analyze a Rhythm
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Heart Arrhythmias
Diagnosing a Myocardial Infarction
Advanced 12-Lead Interpretation
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Arrhythmias
Sinus Rhythms
Premature Beats
Supraventricular Arrhythmias
Ventricular Arrhythmias
AV Junctional Blocks
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Supraventricular Arrhythmias
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Paroxysmal Supraventricular
Tachycardia
Rhythm #5
Rate?
Regularity?
P waves?
PR interval?
QRS duration?
100 bpm
irregularly irregular
none
none
0.06 s
Atrial Fibrillation
Deviation from NSR
No organized atrial depolarization, so no
normal P waves (impulses are not
originating from the sinus node).
Atrial activity is chaotic (resulting in an
irregularly irregular rate).
Common, affects 2-4%, up to 5-10% if >
80 years old
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Atrial Fibrillation
Etiology: Recent theories suggest that it
is due to multiple re-entrant wavelets
conducted between the R & L atria.
Either way, impulses are formed in a
totally unpredictable fashion. The AV
node allows some of the impulses to
pass through at variable intervals (so
rhythm is irregularly irregular).
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Rhythm #6
Rate?
Regularity?
P waves?
PR interval?
QRS duration?
70 bpm
regular
flutter waves
none
0.06 s
Atrial Flutter
Deviation from NSR
No P waves. Instead flutter waves
(note sawtooth pattern) are formed at
a rate of 250 - 350 bpm.
Only some impulses conduct through
the AV node (usually every other
impulse).
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Atrial Flutter
Etiology: Reentrant pathway in the right
atrium with every 2nd, 3rd or 4th
impulse generating a QRS (others are
blocked in the AV node as the node
repolarizes).
Rhythm #7
Rate?
Regularity?
P waves?
PR interval?
QRS duration?
74 148 bpm
Regular
regular
Normal none
0.16 s none
0.08 s
PSVT
Deviation from NSR
The heart rate suddenly speeds up,
often triggered by a PAC (not seen
here) and the P waves are lost.
PSVT
Etiology: There are several types of
PSVT but all originate above the
ventricles (therefore the QRS is narrow).
Most common: abnormal conduction in
the AV node (reentrant circuit looping in
the AV node).
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Ventricular Arrhythmias
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Rhythm #8
Rate?
Regularity?
P waves?
PR interval?
QRS duration?
160 bpm
regular
none
none
wide (> 0.12 sec)
Ventricular Tachycardia
Deviation from NSR
Impulse is originating in the ventricles
(no P waves, wide QRS).
Ventricular Tachycardia
Etiology: There is a re-entrant pathway
looping in a ventricle (most common
cause).
Ventricular tachycardia can sometimes
generate enough cardiac output to
produce a pulse; at other times no pulse
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can be felt.
Rhythm #9
Rate?
Regularity?
P waves?
PR interval?
QRS duration?
none
irregularly irreg.
none
none
wide, if recognizable
Ventricular Fibrillation
Deviation from NSR
Completely abnormal.
Ventricular Fibrillation
Etiology: The ventricular cells are
excitable and depolarizing randomly.
Rapid drop in cardiac output and death
occurs if not quickly reversed
End of Module IV b
Supraventricular and
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Proceed to Module IV b Practice Quiz
on WebCT
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