This document provides an overview of waves and sound. It discusses the nature of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of periodic waves such as amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It also covers topics such as the speed of waves on strings, the mathematical description of waves, the nature of sound waves, and the speed of sound in different media. Additionally, it discusses sound intensity, the decibel scale, the Doppler effect, and applications of sound in medicine such as ultrasound and Doppler fetal monitoring.
This document provides an overview of waves and sound. It discusses the nature of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of periodic waves such as amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It also covers topics such as the speed of waves on strings, the mathematical description of waves, the nature of sound waves, and the speed of sound in different media. Additionally, it discusses sound intensity, the decibel scale, the Doppler effect, and applications of sound in medicine such as ultrasound and Doppler fetal monitoring.
This document provides an overview of waves and sound. It discusses the nature of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of periodic waves such as amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It also covers topics such as the speed of waves on strings, the mathematical description of waves, the nature of sound waves, and the speed of sound in different media. Additionally, it discusses sound intensity, the decibel scale, the Doppler effect, and applications of sound in medicine such as ultrasound and Doppler fetal monitoring.
This document provides an overview of waves and sound. It discusses the nature of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and periodic waves. It describes the characteristics of periodic waves such as amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency. It also covers topics such as the speed of waves on strings, the mathematical description of waves, the nature of sound waves, and the speed of sound in different media. Additionally, it discusses sound intensity, the decibel scale, the Doppler effect, and applications of sound in medicine such as ultrasound and Doppler fetal monitoring.
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Chapter 16
Waves and Sound
16.1 The Nature of Waves
1. A wave is a traveling disturbance.
2. A wave carries energy from place to place.
16.1 The Nature of Waves
Transverse Wave
16.1 The Nature of Waves
Longitudinal Wave
16.1 The Nature of Waves
Water waves are partially transverse and partially longitudinal.
16.2 Periodic Waves
Periodic waves consist of cycles or patterns that are produced over and over again by the source. In the figures, every segment of the slinky vibrates in simple harmonic motion, provided the end of the slinky is moved in simple harmonic motion.
16.2 Periodic Waves
In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.
The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium from the particles undisturbed position. The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave. The period is the time required for one complete cycle. The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s-1.
1 f T
16.2 Periodic Waves
v f T
16.2 Periodic Waves
Example 1 The Wavelengths of Radio Waves
AM and FM radio waves are transverse waves consisting of electric and magnetic field disturbances traveling at a speed of 3.00x108m/s. A station broadcasts AM radio waves whose frequency is 1230x103Hz and an FM radio wave whose frequency is 91.9x106Hz. Find the distance between adjacent crests in each wave.
v f T
16.2 Periodic Waves
AM
FM
v 3.00 108 m s
244 m 3 f 1230 10 Hz
v 3.00 108 m s
3.26 m 6 f 91.9 10 Hz
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
The speed at which the wave moves to the right depends on how quickly one particle of the string is accelerated upward in response to the net pulling force.
tension
F v m L
linear density
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
Example 2 Waves Traveling on Guitar Strings
Transverse waves travel on each string of an electric guitar after the string is plucked. The length of each string between its two fixed ends is 0.628 m, and the mass is 0.208 g for the highest pitched E string and 3.32 g for the lowest pitched E string. Each string is under a tension of 226 N. Find the speeds of the waves on the two strings.
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
High E
m L
226 N 826 m s -3 0.208 10 kg 0.628 m
Low E
F v
m L
226 N 207 m s -3 3.32 10 kg 0.628 m
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
Conceptual Example 3 Wave Speed Versus Particle Speed
Is the speed of a transverse wave on a string the same as the speed at which a particle on the string moves?
16.4 The Mathematical Description of a Wave
What is the displacement y at time t of a
particle located at x?
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVES
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
The distance between adjacent condensations is equal to the
wavelength of the sound wave.
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
Individual air molecules are not carried along with the wave.
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
THE FREQUENCY OF A SOUND WAVE
The frequency is the number of cycles
per second. A sound with a single frequency is called a pure tone. The brain interprets the frequency in terms of the subjective quality called pitch.
16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
THE PRESSURE AMPLITUDE OF A SOUND WAVE
Loudness is an attribute of a sound that depends primarily on the pressure amplitude of the wave.
16.6 The Speed of Sound
Sound travels through gases,
liquids, and solids at considerably different speeds.
16.6 The Speed of Sound
In a gas, it is only when molecules collide that the condensations and
rerefactions of a sound wave can move from place to place.
vrms
Ideal Gas
kT v m
3kT m
k 1.38 10 23 J K
5 7 or 3 5
16.6 The Speed of Sound
Conceptual Example 5 Lightning, Thunder, and a Rule of Thumb
There is a rule of thumb for estimating how far away a thunderstorm is. After you see a flash of lighting, count off the seconds until the thunder is heard. Divide the number of seconds by five. The result gives the approximate distance (in miles) to the thunderstorm. Why does this rule work?
16.6 The Speed of Sound
LIQUIDS
Bad
SOLID BARS
Y v
16.7 Sound Intensity
Sound waves carry energy that can be used to do work.
The amount of energy transported per second is called the power of the wave. The sound intensity is defined as the power that passes perpendicularly through a surface divided by the area of that surface.
P I A
16.7 Sound Intensity
Example 6 Sound Intensities
12x10-5W of sound power passed through the surfaces labeled 1 and 2. The areas of these surfaces are 4.0m2 and 12m2. Determine the sound intensity at each surface.
16.7 Sound Intensity
P 12 10 5 W 5 2 I1
3 . 0
10 W m A1 4.0m 2 P 12 10 5 W 5 2 I2
1 . 0
10 W m A2 12m 2
16.7 Sound Intensity
For a 1000 Hz tone, the smallest sound intensity that the human ear can detect is about 1x10-12W/m2. This intensity is called the threshold of hearing. On the other extreme, continuous exposure to intensities greater than 1W/m2 can be painful. If the source emits sound uniformly in all directions, the intensity depends on the distance from the source in a simple way.
16.7 Sound Intensity
power of sound source
P I 4 r 2
area of sphere
16.7 Sound Intensity
Conceptual Example 8 Reflected Sound and Sound Intensity
Suppose the person singing in the shower produces a sound power P. Sound reflects from the surrounding shower stall. At a distance r in front of the person, does the equation for the intensity of sound emitted uniformly in all directions underestimate, overestimate, or give the correct sound intensity?
P I 4 r 2
16.8 Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a measurement unit used when comparing two sound intensities. Because of the way in which the human hearing mechanism responds to intensity, it is appropriate to use a logarithmic scale called the intensity level:
10 dB log Io I o 1.00 10 12 W m 2
Note that log(1)=0, so when the intensity
of the sound is equal to the threshold of hearing, the intensity level is zero.
16.8 Decibels
10 dB log Io
I o 1.00 10 12 W m 2
16.8 Decibels
Example 9 Comparing Sound Intensities
Audio system 1 produces a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB, and system 2 produces an intensity level of 93.0 dB. Determine the ratio of intensities.
10 dB log Io
16.8 Decibels
10 dB log I o
I1
Io
I 2 10 dB log 2 Io
1 10 dB log
I2 I I I I 10 dB log 1 10 dB log 2 o 10 dB log 2 I1 Io Io I1 I o
2 1 10 dB log
I2
3.0 dB 10 dB log I1 I2
0.30 log I1
I2 100.30 2.0 I1
16.9 The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is the
change in frequency or pitch of the sound detected by an observer because the sound source and the observer have different velocities with respect to the medium of sound propagation.
16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING SOURCE
v sT
fo
v v v
v sT v f s v s f s
f o f s
1 vs v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
source moving toward a stationary observer
source moving away from a stationary observer
f o f s
1 vs v
f o f s
1 vs v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
Example 10 The Sound of a Passing Train
A high-speed train is traveling at a speed of 44.7 m/s when the engineer sounds the 415-Hz warning horn. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What are the frequency and wavelength of the sound, as perceived by a person standing at the crossing, when the train is (a) approaching and (b) leaving the crossing?
f o f s
1 vs v
f o f s 1 vs v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
approaching
f o 415 Hz
1 44.7 m s 343m s
477 Hz
leaving
f o 415 Hz
367 Hz .7 m s 1 44 343m s
16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING OBSERVER
vo vo
fo f s f s 1
fs
fs 1 o v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
Observer moving towards stationary source
Observer moving away from stationary source
vo fo f s 1 v
vo fo f s 1 v
16.9 The Doppler Effect
GENERAL CASE
Numerator: plus sign applies
when observer moves towards the source
fo f s
vo 1 v vs 1 v
Denominator: minus sign applies
when source moves towards the observer
16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
By scanning ultrasonic waves across the body and detecting the echoes from various locations, it is possible to obtain an image.
16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
Ultrasonic sound waves cause
the tip of the probe to vibrate at 23 kHz and shatter sections of the tumor that it touches.
16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
When the sound is reflected
from the red blood cells, its frequency is changed in a kind of Doppler effect because the cells are moving.
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
