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    Cellular Network Overview

    Uploaded by

    Kiko Esguerra
    This document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks. It begins by explaining that cellular networks use radio waves to allow base stations to transmit to and receive from mobile phones. The network is divided into multiple cells served by base stations operating at similar radio frequencies. As phones move between cells, the network performs handoffs between base stations. The document then discusses generations of cellular technology from 0G to 4G and the multiple access schemes used including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples of cellular standards including GSM and the evolution of GSM networks to 3G technologies like W-CDMA that support higher data rates.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cellular Network Overview

    Uploaded by

    Kiko Esguerra
    135 views41 pages
    This document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks. It begins by explaining that cellular networks use radio waves to allow base stations to transmit to and receive from mobile phones. The network is divided into multiple cells served by base stations operating at similar radio frequencies. As phones move between cells, the network performs handoffs between base stations. The document then discusses generations of cellular technology from 0G to 4G and the multiple access schemes used including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples of cellular standards including GSM and the evolution of GSM networks to 3G technologies like W-CDMA that support higher data rates.

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    simple Cellular network overview

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    This document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks. It begins by explaining that cellular networks use radio waves to allow base stations to transmit to and receive from mobile phones. The network is divided into multiple cells served by base stations operating at similar radio frequencies. As phones move between cells, the network performs handoffs between base stations. The document then discusses generations of cellular technology from 0G to 4G and the multiple access schemes used including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples of cellular standards including GSM and the evolution of GSM networks to 3G technologies like W-CDMA that support higher data rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    135 views41 pages

    Cellular Network Overview

    Uploaded by

    Kiko Esguerra
    This document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks. It begins by explaining that cellular networks use radio waves to allow base stations to transmit to and receive from mobile phones. The network is divided into multiple cells served by base stations operating at similar radio frequencies. As phones move between cells, the network performs handoffs between base stations. The document then discusses generations of cellular technology from 0G to 4G and the multiple access schemes used including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples of cellular standards including GSM and the evolution of GSM networks to 3G technologies like W-CDMA that support higher data rates.

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    Mobile Cellular Network

    Overview

    Cellular Network Basics


    There are many types of cellular services; before delving into
    details, focus on basics (helps navigate the acronym soup)
    Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio
    waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
    Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and
    1900 MHz frequency bands

    Cell phones operate in this frequency


    range (note the logarithmic scale)

    Cellular Network
    Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles
    at the assigned spectrum
    Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)

    The service area of each base station is called a cell


    Each mobile terminal is typically served by the
    closest base stations
    Handoff when terminals move

    Cellular Network Generations


    It is useful to think of cellular
    Network/telephony in terms of generations:
    0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
    1G: Analog cellular telephony
    2G: Digital cellular telephony
    3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including
    video telephony)
    4G: IP-based anytime, anywhere voice, data, and
    multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
    (to be deployed in 20122015)

    Evolution of Cellular Networks

    1G

    2G

    2.5G

    3G

    4G

    The Multiple Access Problem


    The base stations need to serve many
    mobile terminals at the same time (both
    downlink and uplink)
    All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to
    the base station
    Interference among different senders and
    receivers
    So we need multiple access scheme

    Multiple Access Schemes

    3 orthogonal Schemes:
    Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
    Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
    Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

    Frequency Division Multiple


    Access

    frequency

    Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the


    duration of the call
    Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
    interference
    Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
    and one uplink frequency band
    Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
    Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it
    Cognitive radio

    Time Division Multiple Access

    Guard time signal transmitted by


    mobile terminals at different
    locations do no arrive at the base
    station at the same time

    Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal


    transmits during each slot
    Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn

    Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular


    network
    Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

    Code Division Multiple Access


    Use of orthogonal codes to separate different
    transmissions
    Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger
    number of bits using the user specific code
    Spreading
    Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the
    information transmission rate
    Orthogonal among
    But all users use the same frequency band together
    users

    GSM
    Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile
    Communications
    Concurrent development in USA and
    Europe in the 1980s
    The European system was called GSM
    and deployed in the early 1990s

    GSM Services
    Voice, 3.1 kHz
    Short Message Service (SMS)
    1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160
    chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other
    stations
    Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry

    General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)


    GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission
    up to 114 kbps
    Users can simultaneously make calls and send data
    GPRS provides always on Internet access and the Multimedia
    Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text,
    audio, video messages to each other
    Performance degrades as number of users increase
    GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony 2G service similar to
    3G

    GSM Channels
    Downlink

    Chann
    els

    Uplink

    Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to


    as a physical channel
    Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
    between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical
    channels:
    Traffic channel
    Control Channel

    GSM Frequencies
    Originally designed on 900MHz range, now
    also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and
    1900 MHz ranges.
    Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
    One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency
    band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
    UPLINK FREQUENCIES

    1710 MHz

    1785 MHz

    DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

    1805 MHz

    1880 MHz

    UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

    GSM Architecture

    Mobile Station (MS)


    MS is the users handset and has two
    parts
    Mobile Equipment

    Radio equipment
    User interface
    Processing capability and memory required for
    various tasks
    Call signalling
    Encryption
    SMS

    Equipment IMEI number

    Subscriber Identity Module

    Subscriber Identity Module


    A small smart card
    Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
    Subscriber IMSI number
    Subscribers own information (telephone directory)
    Third party applications (banking etc.)
    Can also be used in other systems besides GSM,
    e.g., some WLAN access points accept SIM based
    user authentication

    Base Station Subsystem


    Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
    Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in
    the backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for
    the Mobile Station (MS)

    Base Station Controller (BSC)

    Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented


    by the BTSes
    Manages the handovers within BSS area
    Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and
    informs the MSC/VLR about this

    Base Transceiver System (BTS)


    Controls several transmitters
    Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for
    signaling, on a specific frequency

    Network and Switching


    Subsystem
    The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network
    with additional cellular network capabilities
    Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
    An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which
    supports mobile communications
    Visitor Location Register (VLR)
    A database, part of the MSC
    Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations

    Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)


    Links the system to PSTN and other operators

    Home Location Register (HLR)


    Contain subscriber information, including authentication
    information in Authentication Center (AuC)

    Equipment Identity Register (EIR)


    International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes
    for e.g., blacklisting stolen phones

    Home Location Register


    One database per operator
    Contains all the permanent subscriber information
    MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the
    telephone number of the subscriber
    International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15
    digit code used to identify the subscriber
    It incorporates a country code and operator code

    IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the


    subscribers SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
    Charging information
    Services available to the customer

    Also the subscribers present Location Area Code,


    which refers to the MSC, which can connect to the
    MS.

    Other Systems
    Operations Support System
    The management network for the whole GSM network
    Usually vendor dependent
    Very loosely specified in the GSM standards

    Value added services


    Voice mail
    Call forwarding
    Group calls

    Short Message Service Center


    Stores and forwards the SMS messages
    Like an E-mail server
    Required to operate the SMS services

    Location Updates
    The cells overlap and usually a mobile
    station can see several transceivers
    (BTSes)
    The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC
    controlling the cells
    When the mobile station reaches a new
    BSCs area, it requests an location update
    The update is forwarded to the MSC,
    entered into the VLR, the old BSC is
    notified and an acknowledgement is
    passed back

    Handoff (Handover)
    When a call is in process, the changes in
    location need special processing
    Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the
    current radio link configuration (including
    feedbacks from the MS), prepares an
    available channel in the new BTS
    The MS is told to switch over to the new
    BTS
    This is called a hard handoff
    In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two
    BTSes simultaneously

    Roaming
    When a MS enters another operators
    network, it can be allowed to use the
    services of this operator
    Operator to operator agreements and contracts
    Higher billing

    The MS is identified by the information in


    the SIM card and the identification
    request is forwarded to the home
    operator
    The home HLR is updated to reflect the MSs
    current location

    3G, 3.5G and


    4G (LTE)

    3G Overview
    3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT2000

    Evolution from 2G
    2G

    2.5G

    IS-95

    GSM-

    GPRS

    IS-95B
    HSCSD

    Cdma2000-1xRTT
    3G

    IS-136 & PDC

    EDGE

    W-CDMA
    EDGE

    Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO

    TD-SCDMA

    Cdma2000-3xRTT
    3GPP2

    3GPP

    Service Roadmap
    Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
    Broadband
    in wide area

    3G-specific
    3G-specific services
    services take
    take
    advantage
    of
    higher
    bandwidth
    advantage of higher bandwidth
    and/or
    and/or real-time
    real-time QoS
    QoS

    Video sharing
    Video telephony
    Real-time IP
    AAnumber
    number of
    of mobile
    mobile
    Multitasking
    multimedia and games
    services
    services are
    are bearer
    bearer
    WEB
    browsing
    Multicasting
    independent
    independent in
    in nature
    nature
    Corporate data access
    Streaming audio/video
    MMS picture / video
    xHTML browsing
    Application downloading
    E-mail
    Presence/location
    Voice & SMS
    Push-to-talk

    EGPRS
    473
    kbps

    WCDMA
    2
    Mbps
    CDMA
    2000EVDV

    GPRS
    171
    kbps

    CDMA
    2000EVDO

    GSM
    9.6
    kbps

    CDMA
    2000 1x

    Typical
    average bit
    rates
    (peak rates
    higher)

    HSDPA
    1-10
    Mbps

    GSM Evolution to 3G
    High Speed Circuit Switched Data
    Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection
    ~ 50 kbps
    Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
    Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when
    nothing sent
    Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
    Enhanced Data Rates for Global
    GSM
    Evolution
    HSCSD
    9.6kbps (one
    Uses 8PSK modulation
    timeslot)
    3x improvement in data rate on short
    GSM Data
    distances
    Also called CSD
    Can fall back to GMSK for greater
    GSM
    GPRS distances
    Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384
    kbps
    WCDMA
    General Packet Radio Services Can also be combined with HSCSD
    Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
    EDGE
    Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
    Packet switched; resources not tied up all the
    time
    Contention based. Efficient, but variable
    delays

    UMTS
    Universal Mobile Telecommunications
    System (UMTS)
    UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS
    or EDGE
    The standardization work for UMTS is
    carried out by Third Generation
    Partnership Project (3GPP)
    Data rates of UMTS are:
    144 kbps for rural
    384 kbps for urban outdoor
    2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

    Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

    UMTS Frequency Spectrum


    UMTS Band
    1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G
    transmission
    In the US, 17101755MHz and 21102155MHz will
    be used instead, as the 1900MHz band was already
    used.

    UMTS Architecture
    Mobile Station

    ME

    SIM

    Base Station
    Subsystem

    BTS

    BSC

    Network Subsystem

    MSC/
    VLR

    EIR

    Other Networks

    GMSC

    HLR

    PSTN

    AUC

    PLMN

    RNS
    ME

    USIM

    S
    D

    Node
    B

    RNC

    SGSN

    GGSN

    Internet

    UTRAN

    Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

    UMTS Network Architecture


    UMTS network architecture consists of
    three domains
    Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and
    transit for user traffic
    UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN):
    Provides the air interface access method for user
    equipment.
    User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air
    interface counterpart for base stations. The various
    identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN,
    IMEI, IMEISV

    UTRAN
    Wide band CDMA technology is selected for
    UTRAN air interface
    WCDMA
    TD-SCDMA

    Base stations are referred to as Node-B and


    control equipment for Node-B is called as Radio
    Network Controller (RNC).
    Functions of Node-B are
    Air Interface Tx/Rx
    Modulation/Demodulation

    Functions of RNC are:

    Radio Resource Control


    Channel Allocation
    Power Control Settings
    Handover Control
    Ciphering
    Segmentation and reassembly

    3.5G (HSPA)
    High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation
    of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed
    Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
    Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the
    performance of existing WCDMA protocols
    3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance
    the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already
    supports most of the features that will be provided in
    3.5G. These include:
    - Adaptive Modulation and Coding
    - Fast Scheduling
    - Backward compatibility with 3G
    - Enhanced Air Interface

    4G (LTE)
    LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
    Next Generation mobile broadband
    technology
    Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
    Based on UMTS 3G technology
    Optimized for All-IP traffic

    Advantages of LTE

    Comparison of LTE Speed

    Major LTE Radio Technogies


    Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
    Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
    Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division
    Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
    Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for
    enhanced throughput
    Reduced power consumption
    Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less
    battery power used by handsets)

    LTE Architecture

    LTE vs UMTS
    Functional changes compared to the
    current UMTS architecture

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