MGT-491 Quantitative Analysis and Research For Management: Osman Bin Saif

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MGT-491

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND


RESEARCH FOR MANAGEMENT

OSMAN BIN SAIF

Summary of Yesterdays
Lecture

Introduction
Brief contents of the Course
Our Course Objective
What is knowledge and Theory?
Why Research?
What is research problem?
Types of Research
Characteristics of Research

Information based decision


making
Place of LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the essential preliminary tasks
when you undertake a research study is
to go through the existing literature in
order to acquaint yourself with the
available body of knowledge in your
area of interest.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
The literature review is an integral part
of the entire research process and
makes a valuable contribution to almost
every operational step.
In the initial stages of research it helps
you to establish the theoratical roots of
your study, clarify your ideas and
develop your methodology.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
But later on the literature review serves
to enhance and consolidate your
knowledge base and helps you to
integrate your findings with the existing
body of knowledge.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
Also an important responsibility in
research is to compare your findings
with those of others, it is here that
the literature review plays an
extremely important role.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
It can be TIME CONSUMING,
DAUNTING AND FRUSTRATING but
also REWARDING.
Following are the basic functions of
literature review;
It provides a theoretical background to
your study.
It establishes links between what you
are proposing to examine and what has
already been studdied.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
Functions (Contd.);
It makes you able to show how your
findings have contributed to the existing
body of knowledge.

Place of LITERATURE REVIEW


(Contd.)
Basically it helps you;
Bring clarity and focus to your research
problem
Improves you methodology
Broaden your knowledge base
Contextualize your findings

Procedure for Reviewing


Literature
There are four steps involved;
1. Search for existing literature in your
area of study
2. Review the literature selected
3. Develop a theoretical framework
4. Develop a conceptual framework

Search for existing literature in your


area of study
To effectively search for literature in
your field of inquiry;
Prepare a BIBLIOGRAPHY
Two basic sources
Books
See Library Catalogues for selecting book of
your interest area.
Journals
See abstract of articles, Indices of journals,
citations, use internet sources / data bases.

Review the Literature


Selected
After selecting books and articles,
read them CRITICALLY to pull
together THEMES and ISSUES
associated with your research
problem.
As you read along, develop a
framework in your mind and slot
down the information on paper.

Developing a Theoretical Framework


The information obtained from
different books and journals now
need to be sorted under the main
themes and theories, highlighting
agreements and disagreements
among the authors and identifying
the unanswered questions or gaps.

Developing a Theoretical Framework


(Contd.)
You will also realize that the literature
deals with a number of aspects that
have a direct or indirect bearing on
your research topic.
Use these aspects as a basis for
developing your theoretical
framework.

Developing a Theoretical Framework


(Contd.)
Your review of literature should sort
out the information, within this
framework.

Developing a Theoretical Framework


(Contd.)
Literature pertinent to your study
may deal with two types of
information;
1. Universal
2. Specific

In writing about such information you


should start with the general
information, gradually narrowing it
down to the specific.

Develop a Conceptual
Framework
The conceptual framework stems
from the theoretical framework and
concentrates, usually, on one section
of that theoretical framework which
becomes the basis of your study.

Writing up the Literature


Reviewed
Steps
While reading the literature for
theoretical background of your study,
you will realize that certain themes have
emerged.
List the main ones, converting them into
subheadings.

Writing up the Literature Reviewed


(Contd.)
Steps (Contd.)
These subheadings should be precise,
descriptive of the theme in question,
and follow a logical progression.
Now under each subheadings, record
the main findings with respect to the
theme in question, highlighting the
reason for and against an argument if
they exist, and identifying gaps and
issues.

The RESEARCH PROCESS

An EIGHT
Step
Model;

Formulating a Research problem


Conceptualizing a research design
Constructing an instrument for data
collection
Selecting a sample
Writing a research proposal
Collecting data
Processing data
Writing a research report

1.Formulating a Research
problem
Formulating a research problem is
the first and most important step in
the research process.
A research problem identifies your
destination;
It should tell what you intend to
research.

1.Formulating a Research problem


(Contd.)
The more specific and clear you are the
better, as everything that follows in the
research process-- Study design
Measurement procedures
Sampling strategy
Frame of analysis
Style of writing of report

Is influenced by the way in which you


formulate your research problem.

1.Formulating a Research problem


(Contd.)
Hence, you should give it
considerable and careful thought at
this stage.
The main function of formulating a
research problem is to decide what
you want to find out about.

1.Formulating a Research problem


(Contd.)
It is extremely important to evaluate
the research problem in the light of
the financial resources available,
time available, your own research
expertise and your research
supervisors expertise and
knowledge in the field of study.

2.Conceptualizing a Research
design
An extremely important feature of
research is the use of appropriate
methods.
The main function of a research
design is to explain how you will find
answers to your research questions.

2.Conceptualizing a Research
design (Contd.)
The research design sets out the logic of
your inquiry.
A research design should include the
following;
The study design
Logistical arrangement for measurement
procedures
Sampling strategy
Frame of analysis
Time frame

2.Conceptualizing a Research
design (Contd.)
Select or develop the design that is
most suited to your study.
Your must have strong reasons for
selecting a particular design,
You must be able to justify your
selection,
You should be aware of its strengths,
weakness and limitations.

3. Constructing an Instrument for


Data Collection
Anything that becomes a means of
collecting information for your study
is called a research Tool or
Instrument.
Example;
Observation forms
Interviews
Questionnaires

3.Constructing an Instrument for


Data Collection (Contd.)
It is the first practical step for
carrying out a study.
For primary data , either choose an
existing instrument or develop a new
one.
For secondary data , develop a form
to extract data.

3.Constructing an Instrument for


Data Collection (Contd.)
Field testing also known as pre
testing is an integral part of
instrument construction.
As a rule, the field test should not be
carried out on the sample of your
study but on a similar population.

4. Selecting a sample
The accuracy of your findings largely
depends upon the way you select
your sample.
The basic objective of any sampling
design is to minimize, within the
limitation of cost, the gap between
the values obtained from your
sample and those prevalent in the
population.

4. Selecting a sample
(Contd.)
Sampling theory is guided by two
principles:
1. The avoidance of bias in the selection
of a sample
2. The attainment of maximum precision
for a given outlay resources.

4. Selecting a sample
(Contd.)
There are three categories of
sampling design;
1. Random / Probability sampling design
2. Non random / Probability sampling
design
3. Mixed sampling design

5. Writing a Research
Proposal
Broadly a research proposals main
function is to detail the operational
plan for obtaining answers to your
questions.
This overall plan tells the reader
about your research problem and
how you are planning to investigate.

5. Writing a Research Proposal


(Contd.)
A research proposal must tell;
What you are proposing to do
How you plan to proceed
Why you selected the proposed startegy

5. Writing a Research Proposal


(Contd.)
Therefore a Research proposal should contain;
Statement of objective
List of hypothesis
Study design
Research instrument
Sampling design
Data processing procedures
Outline of proposed chapters for report
Research problems and limitation
Time frame

6. Collecting Data
At this stage you actually collect the
data but the question is how?
Either through
Interviews
Questionnaires
Focused group discussions

7. Processing data
The way you analyze information you
collected largely depends upon two
things
Type of Information
Descriptive
Quantitative
Qualitative

The way you want to communicate your


findings to your readers

7. Processing data (Contd.)


Qualitative data;
A report can be written on the basis of
field notes, or manual content analysis

Quantitative data;
Frequency distribution
Cross tabulation
Statistical procedures

8. Writing a Report
It is the most difficult step of the
research process.
This report informs the world;
What you have done
What you have discovered
What conclusions you have drawn from
your findings

8. Writing a Report (Contd.)


If you are clear about the whole
process, you will be clear about the
way you want to write your report.
Your report should be written in an
academic style and be divided into
different chapters and or selections
based upon the main themes of your
study.

Summary of Todays Lecture


Place of literature review in research
Procedure for reviewing literature
Search for existing literature
Review the literature selected
Develop a theoretical framework
Develop a conceptual framework
Writing up the literature reviewed

Summary of Todays Lecture (Contd.)


The Research Process;- An Eight step
MODEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Formulating a Research problem


Conceptualizing a research design
Constructing an instrument for data collection
Selecting a sample
Writing a research proposal
Collecting data
Processing data
Writing a research report

Thanks

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