68402: Structural Design of Buildings II

61420: Design of Steel Structures

62323: Architectural Structures II

Design of Beam-Columns
Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
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Slide # 1

Beam-Column - Outline

Beam-Columns

Moment Amplification Analysis

Second Order Analysis

Compact Sections for Beam-Columns

Braced and Unbraced Frames

Analysis/Design of Braced Frames

Analysis/Design of Unbraced Frames

Design of Bracing Elements

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Slide # 2

Design for Flexure LRFD Spec.

Commonly

Used Sections:

I shaped members (singly- and doubly-symmetric)

Square and Rectangular or round HSS

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Slide # 3

Beam-Columns

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Beam-Columns

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Slide # 5

Beam-Columns

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Slide # 6

Beam-Columns

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Slide # 7

Beam-Columns

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Slide # 8

Beam-Columns

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Slide # 9

Beam-Columns
Likely failure modes due to combined bending and axial forces:

Bending and Tension: usually fail by yielding

Bending (strong axis) and compression: Failure by LTB

Bending (biaxial) and compression (thin-walled section): failure by

combined twisting and bending

Bending (biaxial) + torsion + compression: failure by combined

twisting and bending

Bending (uniaxial) and compression: Failure by buckling in the

plane of bending, without torsion

Bending (biaxial) and compression (torsionally stiff section):

Failure by buckling in one of the principal directions.

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Slide # 10

Beam-Columns

Structural elements subjected to combined flexural moments and axial

loads are called beam-columns

The case of beam-columns usually appears in structural frames

The code requires that the sum of the load effects be smaller than the
resistance of the elements

Q
i

Rn

1.0

Thus: a column beam interaction can be written as

M ux
M uy
Pu

1.0
c Pn b M nx b M ny

This means that a column subjected to axial load and moment will be
able to carry less axial load than if no moment would exist.
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Slide # 11

Beam-Columns

AISC code makes a distinct difference between lightly and heavily axial
loaded columns

P
for u 0.2
c Pn

M uy
Pu
8 M ux

1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny
AISC Equation

P
for u 0.2
c Pn

M ux
M uy
Pu

1.0
2c Pn b M nx b M ny
AISC Equation
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Slide # 12

Beam-Columns

Definitions
Pu = factored axial compression load
Pn = nominal compressive strength
Mux = factored bending moment in the x-axis, including second-order effects
Mnx = nominal moment strength in the x-axis
Muy = same as Mux except for the y-axis
Mny = same as Mnx except for the y-axis

c = Strength reduction factor for compression members = 0.90

b = Strength reduction factor for flexural members = 0.90

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Slide # 13

Beam-Columns

The increase in slope for lightly axial-loaded columns represents the

less effect of axial load compared to the heavily axial-loaded columns

Unsafe Element

Pu/ cPn

Safe Element

0.2
Mu/ bM n
These are design charts that are a bit conservative than behaviour envelopes
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Slide # 14

Moment Amplification

When a large axial load exists, the axial load produces moments due to
any element deformation.
x

The final moment M is the sum of the original moment and the
moment due to the axial load. The moment is therefore said to be
amplified.

As the moment depends on the load and the original moment, the
problem is nonlinear and thus it is called second-order problem.
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Slide # 15

Moment Amplification
Second-order Moments, Pu and Pu

Moment amplification in column

braced against sidesway

Moment amplification in
unbraced column

Mu = Mnt + Pu

Mu = Mlt + Pu

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Slide # 16

Moment Amplification

Using first principles we can prove that the final moment M max is
amplified from M0 as

M max M 0 B M 0

P
1 u
P

The amplification factor B can be

1
Pu
1
Pe

Where

M max bending moment

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Slide # 17

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 18

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 19

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 20

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 21

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 22

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 23

Second Order Analysis

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Slide # 24

Compact Sections for BeamColumns

The axial load affects the ratio for compactness. When the check for
compactness for the web is performed while the web is subjected to axial
bf
load the following ratios shall be
for

for

Pu
0.125
b Py

Pu
0.125
b Py

for all

Pu
b Py

Flange limit is
similar to beams

p 3.76

p 1.12

E
Fy

r 5.70

E
Fy

p 0.38
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E
Fy

tf

E
2.75 Pu
1

Fy
b Py

tw

Pu
2.33
1.49
b Py

0.74 Pu
1

b Py

r 0.83

E
Fy 68.9
Slide # 25

E
Fy

Braced and Unbraced Frames

Two components of amplification moments can be observed in unbraced

frames:

Moment due to member deflection (similar to braced frames)

Moment due to sidesway of the structure

Unbraced Frames

Member deflection
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Member sidesway
Slide # 26

Unbraced and Braced Frames

In braced frames amplification moments can only happens due to

member deflection
Braced Frames

Sidesway bracing system

Member deflection
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Slide # 27

Unbraced and Braced Frames

The AISC code approximate the effect by using two amplification

factors B1 and B2

M u B1 M nt B2 M lt

AISC Equation

Pr Pnt B2 Plt

AISC Equation

Where

B1 amplification factor for the moment occurring in braced member

B2 amplification factor for the moment occurring from sidesway

Mnt and Pnt is the maximum moment and axial force assuming no sidesway

Mlt and Plt is the maximum moment and axial force due to sidesway

Pr is the required axial strength

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Slide # 28

Unbraced and Braced Frames

Braced frames are those frames prevented from sidesway.

In this case the moment amplification equation can be simplified to:

M ux B1 x M ntx
Cm
B1
Pu
1
Pe

EAg
Pe
2
KL / r
2

M uy B1 y M nty
AISC Equation

KL/r for the axis of bending considered

K 1.0

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Slide # 29

Unbraced and Braced Frames

The coefficient Cm is used to represent the effect of end moments on the

maximum deflection along the element (only for braced frames)
When there is transverse loading
M1

Cm 0.6 0.4
on the beam either of the following
M
2

case applies

M1
ve
M2

M1
ve
M2

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Conservatively Cm 1.00
Slide # 30

Unbraced and Braced Frames

AISC requires stability bracing to have

Specific strength to resist the lateral load

Specific axial stiffness to limit the lateral deformation.

Pbr 0.004 Pu

br

3 Pu
L

br

2 Pu

Braced
Frames

Unbraced
Frames

Where Pu is the sum of factored axial load in the braced story

Pbr is bracing strength and br is braced or unbraced frame stiffness (

= 0.75)
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Slide # 31

Unbraced and Braced Frames

Unbraced frames can observe loading + sidesway

In this case the moment amplification equation can be simplified to:

BMD

M u B1 M nt B2 M lt
1.0
B1
Pu
1
Pe

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AISC Equation

B2

1.0
Pu
1
RM H

oh
L
Slide # 32

Unbraced and Braced Frames

A minimum lateral load in each combination shall be added so that the

shear in each story is given by:

H u 0.0042 Pu

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Slide # 33

Analysis of Unbraced Frames

Pu

is the sum of factored axial loads on all columns in floor

oh

is the drift due to the unfactored horizontal forces

is the story height

story shear produced by unfactored horizontal forces

oh
L

is the drift index (is generally between 1/500 to 1/200)

Pe

is the sum of Euler buckling loads of all columns in floor

Pu

is the factored axial load in the column

RM

can be conservatively taken as 0.85

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Slide # 34

Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced

Frames

A 3.6-m W12x96 is subjected to bending and

compressive loads in a braced frame. It is bent in
single curvature with equal and opposite end
moments and is not loaded transversely. Use Grade
50 steel. Is the section satisfactory if Pu = 3200 kN
and first-order moment Mntx = 240 kN.m

Step I: From Section Property Table

W12x96 (A = 18190 mm2, Ix = 347x106 mm4, Lp = 3.33 m, Lr
= 14.25 m, Zx = 2409 mm3, Sx = 2147 mm3)

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Slide # 35

Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced

Frames
Step II: Compute amplified moment
- For a braced frame let K = 1.0
KxLx = KyLy = (1.0)(3.6) = 3.6 m
- From Column Chapter: cPn = 4831 kN
Pu/cPn = 3200/4831 = 0.662 > 0.2 Use eqn.
- There is no lateral translation of the frame: Mlt = 0
Mux = B1Mntx
Cm = 0.6 0.4(M1/M2) = 0.6 0.4(-240/240) = 1.0
Pe1 = 2EIx/(KxLx)2 = 2(200)(347x106)/(3600)2 = 52851 kN

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Slide # 36

Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced

Frames
B1

Cm
1.0

1.073 1.0
P
3200
1 u 1
Pe1
52851

(OK )

Mux = (1.073)(240) = 257.5 kN.m

Step III: Compute moment capacity

Lp < Lb< Lr

Since Lb = 3.6 m

b M n 739 kN .m

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Slide # 37

Ex. 5.1- Beam-Columns in Braced

Frames
Step IV: Check combined effect
M uy 3200 8 257.5
Pu
8 M ux

0 0.972 1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 4831 9 739

Section is satisfactory

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Slide # 38

Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column

Check the adequacy of an ASTM A992 W14x90 column

subjected to an axial force of 2200 kN and a second
order bending moment of 400 kN.m. The column is 4.2 m
long, is bending about the strong axis. Assume:

ky = 1.0
Lateral unbraced length of the compression flange is 4.2 m.

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Slide # 39

Ex. 5.2- Analysis of Beam-Column

Step I: Compute the capacities of the beam-column

cPn = 4577 kN
Mny = 380 kN.m

Mnx = 790 kN.m

Step II: Check combined effect

Pu
2200

0.481 0.2
c Pn 4577

M uy
Pu
8 M ux

c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny

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2200 8 400 0 0.931 1.0

4577 9 790

OK

Slide # 40

Design of Beam-Columns
Trial-and-error

procedure

Select trial section

Check appropriate interaction formula.
Repeat until section is satisfactory

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Slide # 41

Design of Unbraced Frames

Design can
procedure:
Use

be

performed

using

the

following

a procedure similar to that of braced frames

To

start the design assume B1 = 1.0 and compute B2

by assuming the ratio
oh
1
1

to
L
500
200

Compute

Mu and perform same procedure used for

braced frames

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Slide # 42

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Check the exterior column of an unbraced frame shown in the

figure for the following load combination. All columns are 3.8 m
long and all beams are 9 m long. Assume A992 steel.

Load Case 1.2 D 0.5L 1.6W

W24x76

Pnt 2250 kN Plt 0

M nt 128 kN - m
M lt 210 kN - m

W14x90

For this frame

H 660 kN

W24x76

Pu 10800 kN
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Slide # 43

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Step I: Calculate Kx and Ky

416
2

3.8

GT GB
2.25
874

9
K x 1.66
W14x90

W24x76

W24x76

Effective length, Ky ,
assumed braced frame

K y 1.0

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Slide # 44

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Step II: Calculate Pn and p

K x Lx 1.66(3800)

40.4
rx
156
K y Ly
ry

1 3800

40.4
94

Pn 4700 kN

M nx 797 kN.m
M ny 380 kN.m

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Slide # 45

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Step III: Determine second-order moments-No translation, Mnt
Due to lack of information, assume Cm = 1.0

2 (200)(416 106 )
Pe1
20637 kN
2
1.66 3800
B1

1
1.12
2250
1
20637

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Slide # 46

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Step IV: Determine second-order moments - Translation, Mlt.
Dont know all columns in story, thus assume the frame will have a
deflection limit

oh L 400
For this frame

H 660 kN

Pu 10800 kN
Thus,

B2

1
1.04
10800 1
1

660 400
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Slide # 47

Ex. 5.3- Analysis-External Column

Step V: Second-order moment

M u 1.12(128) 1.04(210) 361.7 kN - m

Step VI: Check combined effect

Pu
2250

0.479 0.2
c Pn 4700
M uy 2250 8 361.7
Pu
8 M ux

0 0.882 1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 4700 9 797

OK

Thus, the W14x90, Fy = 344 MPa will work for this loading case.

Now it should be checked for any other load case, such as 1.2D+1.6L
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Slide # 48

Ex. 5.4 Design-Beam Column

Select a W shape of A992 steel

for the beam-column of the
following figure. This member is
part of a braced frame and is
subjected to the service-load
axial force and bending moments
shown (the end shears are not
shown). Bending is about the
strong axis, and Kx = Ky = 1.0.
Lateral support is provided only at
the ends. Assume that B1 = 1.0.
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PD = 240 kN

PL = 650 kN
MD = 24.4 kN.m
ML = 66.4 kN.m

4.8 m

MD = 24.4 kN.m
ML = 66.4 kN.m

Slide # 49

Ex. 5.4 Design-Beam Column

Step I: Compute the factored axial load and bending moments

Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(240)+ 1.6(650) = 1328 kN.
Mntx = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 1.2(24.4)+ 1.6(66.4) = 135.5 kN.m.
B1 = 1.0 Mux = B1Mntx = 1.0(135.5) = 135.5 kN.m

Step II: compute Mnx, Pn

The effective length for compression and the unbraced length for
bending are the same = KL = Lb = 4.8 m.

The bending is uniform over the unbraced length , so C b=1.0

Try a W10X60 with Pn = 2369 kN and Mnx = 344 kN.m

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Slide # 50

Ex. 5.4 Design-Beam Column

Step III: Check interaction equation

Pu
1328

0.56 0.2
c Pn 2369

M uy 1328 8 135.5
Pu
8 M ux

0 0.91 1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 2369 9 344

Step IV: Make sure that this is the lightest possible section.
Try W12x58 with Pn = 2247 kN and Mnx = 386 kN.m

Pu
1328

0.59 0.2
c Pn 2247

M uy 1328 8 135.5
Pu
8 M ux

0 0.90 1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny 2247 9 386

Use a W12 x 58 section

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Slide # 51

OK

Design of Base Plates

We are looking for design of concentrically loaded columns. These base

plates are connected using anchor bolts to concrete or masonry footings

The column load shall spread over a large area of the bearing surface
underneath the base plate

AISC Manual Part 16, J8

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Slide # 52

Design of Base Plates

The design approach presented here combines three design approaches

for light, heavy loaded, small and large concentrically loaded base plates
Area of Plate is computed such that

n
m

0.8 bf

where:
0.6
If plate covers the area of the footing

0.95d

PP 0.85 f cA1

Pp Pu

If plate covers part of the area of the footing

The dimensions of the plate

are computed such that m and
n are approximately equal.
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PP 0.85 f cA1

A2
1.7 f cA1
A1

A1 = area of base plate

A2 = area of footing
fc = compressive strength of concrete used
for footing

Slide # 53

Design of Base Plates

Thickness of plate

t pl l

2 Pu
Pu
1.5 l
0.9 B N Fy
B NFy

N 0.95 d
m
2

4db f

B 0.8 b f
2

Pu

(d b f ) 2 c Pp

l max n

'
n

1
db f
4
2 X

1 1 X
n '

However

may
be
conservatively taken as 1

c 0.6
Pp Nominal bearing strength
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Slide # 54

Ex. 5.5 Design of Base Plate

For the column base shown

in the figure, design a base
plate if the factored load on
the column is 10000 kN.
Assume 3 m x 3 m concrete
footing with concrete
strength of 20 MPa.

0.95d

W14x211

0.8bf

B
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Slide # 55

Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate

Step I: Plate dimensions

Assume

thus:

A2
2
A1

Pp 1.7 f cA1 Pu
0.6 1.7 20 A1 10000 103

A1 490
Assume
m = n.2 10

A2
4.28 2
A1

mm 2

N 0.95d 2m 0.95 399 2m 379 2m

B 0.8b f 2m 0.8 401 2m 321 2m
mm say N = 730 mm
3
NA= 729.8

NB

379

2
m
321

2
m

490
.
2

10
m 175.4 mm
B =1671.8 mm say B = 680 mm

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Slide # 56

Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate

Step II: Plate thickness

t p 1.5( m ,n ,or n' )

fp
Fy

m ( N 0.95d ) / 2 175.5 mm
n ( B 0.8b f ) / 2 179.5 mm
1
n'
db f 100 mm
4
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Slide # 57

Ex. 4.7- Design of Base Plate

Selecting the largest cantilever length

10000 103
fp
20.14 MPa
680 730
20.14
t req 1.5(179.5)
76.7 mm
248

use 730 mm x 670 mm x 80 mm Plate

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Slide # 58

Eccentrically Loaded Columns

For eccentrically loaded columns

Compute dimensions such that stress (q) is less than concrete
compressive strength.
Compute thickness so that the ultimate moment on the plate equals
the full plastic moment multiplied by , where = 0.9.
qmax

Pu
6e
1
f c
BN
N or B

qmin

Pu
6e
1
0
BN
N or B

t p 2.1

Mu
Fy

no tension

e = eccentricity

Mu = ultimate moment per (mm) width on the plate

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Slide # 59