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    Tacheometric Survey

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    Usman Afzal
    Tacheometric survey is a branch of surveying that uses a tacheometer to measure horizontal and vertical distances. A tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and lens to make measurements. It uses the principle of isosceles triangles, where the ratio between height and base is constant, to calculate distances based on stadia intercept readings. Tacheometric surveying offers advantages over traditional methods as it can be used in difficult terrain and saves time and money compared to chaining. There are different calculation formulas for various situations depending on the position of the instrument and staff.

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    Tacheometric Survey

    Uploaded by

    Usman Afzal
    288 views15 pages
    Tacheometric survey is a branch of surveying that uses a tacheometer to measure horizontal and vertical distances. A tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and lens to make measurements. It uses the principle of isosceles triangles, where the ratio between height and base is constant, to calculate distances based on stadia intercept readings. Tacheometric surveying offers advantages over traditional methods as it can be used in difficult terrain and saves time and money compared to chaining. There are different calculation formulas for various situations depending on the position of the instrument and staff.

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    Tacheometric survey is a branch of surveying that uses a tacheometer to measure horizontal and vertical distances. A tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and lens to make measurements. It uses the principle of isosceles triangles, where the ratio between height and base is constant, to calculate distances based on stadia intercept readings. Tacheometric surveying offers advantages over traditional methods as it can be used in difficult terrain and saves time and money compared to chaining. There are different calculation formulas for various situations depending on the position of the instrument and staff.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    288 views15 pages

    Tacheometric Survey

    Uploaded by

    Usman Afzal
    Tacheometric survey is a branch of surveying that uses a tacheometer to measure horizontal and vertical distances. A tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and lens to make measurements. It uses the principle of isosceles triangles, where the ratio between height and base is constant, to calculate distances based on stadia intercept readings. Tacheometric surveying offers advantages over traditional methods as it can be used in difficult terrain and saves time and money compared to chaining. There are different calculation formulas for various situations depending on the position of the instrument and staff.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Tacheometric

    survey

    What is it?

    Introduction

    Its a branch of survey which deals with the


    study of measurement of vertical and
    horizontal distances using a Tacheometer.

    What is a
    Tacheometer?

    Tacheometer

    No rocket science!
    Ordinary transit theodolite
    Fixed with stadia diaphragm
    and anallatic lens.
    The job of the lens is to make
    the additive constant equal to
    zero.

    Constants

    f/i=multiplicative constant
    (f+d)= additive constant
    x=angle between line of sight and the middle
    stadia hair
    f=focal length of lens
    i=stadia intercept
    Normally the values of multiplicative constant
    is 100 and the additive constant is equal to
    zero.

    Principle of
    Tacheometry

    The principle of Tacheometry is based on the


    property of isosceles triangles. Where the ratio
    between height and base is always constant.

    D1/S1=D2/S2=D3.S3

    =f/i

    Where it can be used

    When obstacles like river, broken ground,


    stretches of water come in way then it
    provides a speedy and accurate
    measurement.
    Places where terrain is mountainous or
    undulated where the measurement of
    horizontal and vertical distances is difficult,
    slow and inaccurate.

    Advantages

    It is used to prepare contour maps


    It is used for hydrographic survey
    It saves time and money
    It also reduces the error when compared with
    chaining.
    Used for road and rail surveying.

    How to use it ?

    The person taking the reading should measure


    the upper and lower stadia readings and then
    make the calculations.

    Formulations and calculations

    For measurement on a level terrain the formula


    is
    D= [(f/i)*s]+(f+d)
    RL=HI of instrument-h
    Where D= distance
    f=focal length
    i=stadia intercept
    s=staff intercept
    d=distance between vertical axis and center of lens
    h=central hair reading
    HI=height of instrument

    Case I

    If staff is at an at an elevation to
    the Tacheometer.
    The staff if to be vertical
    D= (f/i)*s*(cos(x))2 +(f+d)*cos(x)
    V= [(f/i)*s*sin(2x)*.5]+(f+d)*sin(x)
    Reduced Level=RL of axis of instrument+V-h
    D=horizontal distance
    V=vertical distance
    f=focal length
    i=stadia intercept
    d=distance between vertical axis and lens
    h=central height reading

    Case II

    When Tacheometer is at an elevation to the


    staff
    D=[(f/i)*S*(Cos x)2+(f+d)*Cos x]
    V=[(f/i)*(S*Sin 2x)/2]+(f+d)*Sin x]
    RL=RL of instrument axis-V-h
    h=height of staff
    D=horizontal distance
    V=vertical distance
    f=focal length
    i=stadia intercept
    x=angle of depression
    h=central hair reading

    Case III

    Line of sight inclined but staff normal to it.


    Staff is at an elevation(+ive elevation) to the
    Tacheometer
    D=(f/i)*s*cos(x)+(f+d)*cos(x)+h*sin(x)
    V=(f/i)*s*sin(x)+(f+d)*sin(x)
    RL=RL of instrument axis+V-h*sin(x)
    D= horizontal distance
    V= vertical distance
    s= staff intercept
    i= stadia intercept
    x= angle of depression
    h=height of staff

    Case IV

    Line of sight inclined but staff normal to it.


    Tacheometer is at an elevation to the staff.
    D=(f/i)*s*cos(x)+(f+d)*cos(x)-h*sin(x)
    V=(f/i)*s*sin(x)=(f+d)sin(x)
    RL=RL of instrument axisV-h*cos(x)
    D= horizontal distance
    V=vertical distance
    x=angle of depression
    i=stadia intercept
    s=staff intercept
    f=focal legth

    references

    Wikipedia.org
    N.N Basak
    This presentation was brought to you by
    1. 330-civ-2013
    2. 331-civ-2013
    3. 332-civ-2013
    4. 333-civ-2013

    The End

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