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    Factors Affecting Emission

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    Prakash Warrier
    The document discusses factors that affect emissions from fluidized bed boilers, including fuel characteristics like nitrogen and sulfur content, boiler load, and dimensions. It describes the three main mechanisms for NOx formation and methods to control NOx emissions, including primary methods like air staging and limiting temperatures and secondary methods like SNCR and SCR. Specifically, it explains combustion air staging, issues with NOx control at partial load, how SNCR and SCR work to reduce NOx, and methods for controlling SOx and CO emissions.

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    Factors Affecting Emission

    Uploaded by

    Prakash Warrier
    26 views11 pages
    The document discusses factors that affect emissions from fluidized bed boilers, including fuel characteristics like nitrogen and sulfur content, boiler load, and dimensions. It describes the three main mechanisms for NOx formation and methods to control NOx emissions, including primary methods like air staging and limiting temperatures and secondary methods like SNCR and SCR. Specifically, it explains combustion air staging, issues with NOx control at partial load, how SNCR and SCR work to reduce NOx, and methods for controlling SOx and CO emissions.

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    Emission PPT

    Original Title

    Emission

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    The document discusses factors that affect emissions from fluidized bed boilers, including fuel characteristics like nitrogen and sulfur content, boiler load, and dimensions. It describes the three main mechanisms for NOx formation and methods to control NOx emissions, including primary methods like air staging and limiting temperatures and secondary methods like SNCR and SCR. Specifically, it explains combustion air staging, issues with NOx control at partial load, how SNCR and SCR work to reduce NOx, and methods for controlling SOx and CO emissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views11 pages

    Factors Affecting Emission

    Uploaded by

    Prakash Warrier
    The document discusses factors that affect emissions from fluidized bed boilers, including fuel characteristics like nitrogen and sulfur content, boiler load, and dimensions. It describes the three main mechanisms for NOx formation and methods to control NOx emissions, including primary methods like air staging and limiting temperatures and secondary methods like SNCR and SCR. Specifically, it explains combustion air staging, issues with NOx control at partial load, how SNCR and SCR work to reduce NOx, and methods for controlling SOx and CO emissions.

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    FACTORS AFFECTING EMISSION

    FUEL CHARACTRESTICS
    NITROGEN IN FUEL
    SULPHER IN FUEL
    VOLATILES IN FUEL
    BOILER LOAD
    BOILER DIMENSIONING

    Nox Formation in Fluidized Bed Boilers


    Combustion generates nitrogen compounds (nitrogen oxides
    NOx) and of these compounds the most important are
    nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Generally
    NOx emissions consist of 95 % NO and 5 % of NO2.
    The formation of NOx is explained by three different mechanisms
    Fuel
    1. NOx is formed from the nitrogen existing in the fuel when
    High Oxygen Concentration (Excess air)
    High Volatiles (N2 bound to volatile part of Fuel)
    Thermal
    2.
    NOx results from the reaction between the oxygen and
    nitrogen from the air high temperatures
    Occurs at temperatures above 1400 - 1600 C
    3.
    Prompt
    (fast) NOx is attributed to the reaction of atmospheric N2 with
    hydrocarbon compounds.
    Insignificant in fluidized bed combustion.

    Methods of control of NOx in BFB


    Primary methods are:
    Controlling air staging and excess air

    Limiting

    bed

    and

    freeboard

    temperatures
    Selecting fuels with low N content
    Secondary methods:
    SNCR
    SCR

    Combustion Air Staging

    TA
    Ports

    TA
    Ports

    SA
    Ports

    SA
    Ports

    OFA
    Ports
    SA Header
    Pressure Control
    by
    PIC 035010

    Ratio of Air Staging

    30
    %
    70
    %

    NOx emission control at partial load operation


    NOx emission control in partial load is difficult, because
    The opportunity to use air staging becomes weak.
    Use of recirculation gas compensates partly
    weakened air staging.
    Temperature dependency of SNCR method.

    SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction)


    In SNCR ammonia water solution or urea is injected straight to the furnace
    and is mixed with the hot flue gas. Ammonia (NH3) reacts with nitrogen
    Oxides (NOx) producing water (H2O) and nitrogen (N2).
    The main reaction that happens to ammonia:
    4 NH3 + 4 NO + O2 4 N2 + 6 H2O
    The main reaction to urea (NH2CONH2):
    NH2CONH2 + H2O 2NH3 + CO2 and
    4NO+4NH3 +O2 4N2 +6H2O
    The optimum temperature is between 850 and 1000 C.
    NOx reduction is typically 25 - 50 %.

    SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx.

    It is the most effective NOx reduction method.

    The reactions for aqueous ammonia are:

    4 NO + 4NH3 + O2 4 N2 + 6 H2O

    NO+NO2 +2NH3 2N2 +3H2O

    The catalyst speeds up the reaction. The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction

    Catalyst can be dimensioned to achieve required NOx reduction of up to 95 %.

    The operating temperature of the catalytic NOx reduction is between 260 350
    with biomass.

    SOx Control
    Dry FGD using Lime Stone
    Calcination Reaction @ 600 C to 750 C
    CaCO3 + Heat
    CaO + CO2
    Desulfurization reaction @ 700 C to 850 C temperature
    CaO + SO2 + O2
    CaSO4

    Heat

    Ca/S Ratio for Lime Stone: 3.8 4.0


    Sox Capture Efficiency in FBC boilers: 70.0 %

    CO Emission Control
    Furnace Temperature > 600 Deg C
    Excess O2 : 3.5 6.0 % (Typical for AFBC Boilers)
    Good Turbulence
    Boiler Load

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