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    Chapter 1: Networking

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    Izzati Rahim
    The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. There are five key components of a data communication system: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. There are various types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. Networks can be categorized as LAN, MAN, WAN or the Internet based on their geographic span. Standards organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and ANSI work to develop communication protocols and standards.

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    Chapter 1: Networking

    Uploaded by

    Izzati Rahim
    318 views43 pages
    The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. There are five key components of a data communication system: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. There are various types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. Networks can be categorized as LAN, MAN, WAN or the Internet based on their geographic span. Standards organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and ANSI work to develop communication protocols and standards.

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    Networking syllabus for UiTM Student.

    Original Title

    CHAPTER 1: NETWORKING

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    The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. There are five key components of a data communication system: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. There are various types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. Networks can be categorized as LAN, MAN, WAN or the Internet based on their geographic span. Standards organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and ANSI work to develop communication protocols and standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    318 views43 pages

    Chapter 1: Networking

    Uploaded by

    Izzati Rahim
    The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. There are five key components of a data communication system: the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. There are various types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. Networks can be categorized as LAN, MAN, WAN or the Internet based on their geographic span. Standards organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and ANSI work to develop communication protocols and standards.

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    You are on page 1of 43

    CHAPTER 1_______________

    INTRODUCTION

    Sep 29, 2016

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Definition

    Data refers to facts, concepts and


    instructions presented in whatever forms
    In the context of computer information
    systems, data represented by binary
    units (bits) produced in forms of 0s and
    1s
    Data communication is the exchange of
    data (in the forms of 0s and 1s) between
    two devices via some forms of
    transmission medium

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Effectiveness of Data Communication


    System

    A. Delivery

    B. Accuracy

    The system must deliver data to the correct


    destination and received by the intended device
    The system must deliver data accurately(cannot
    be altered during transmission) without error

    Timeliness

    The system must deliver data in timely manner

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Figure 1.1

    Sep 29, 201

    Five components of data communication

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    5 Component of Data Communication


    System

    Message Information to be
    communicated=>text, numbers, pictures,
    sound or video.
    Sender device that sends the messagecomputer, telephone, video camera and so
    on.
    Receiver Device that receives the message
    same as sender

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Medium Physical path by which a


    message travels- twisted pair,
    coaxial cable, fiber optic, laser or
    radio waves
    Protocol A set of rules govern data
    communication represent an
    agreement between the
    communicating devices

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Data representation

    Text
    ACSII (American Standard Code Interchange)
    Extended ASCII
    Unicode
    ISO
    Numbers
    Image
    Audio
    Video

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Direction of Flow

    Simplex the communication is


    unidirectional-one of the two stations
    on on a link can transmit, other can
    only received

    Ex keyboard and traditional monitor

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Figure 1.2

    Sep 29, 201

    Simplex

    ITT 300

    Data Communication

    Half Duplex

    Each station can both transmit and


    receive but not at same time

    Eg Walkie-talkie

    Full duplex

    Both station can transmit and receive


    simultaneously

    Eg telephone system

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    10

    Data Communication

    Figure 1.3

    Sep 29, 201

    Half-duplex

    ITT 300

    11

    Data Communication

    Figure 1.4 Full-duplex

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    12

    Networks

    A set of devices(nodes) connected by


    communication links. Eg computer
    printer etc
    Distributed Processing

    Task is divided among multiple


    computers, instead of a single large
    machine being responsible for all aspects

    Faster problem solving


    Security

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    13

    Network Criteria

    Performance

    Reliability

    Measure in many way including response and


    transit time
    Depends on a number of users, types of
    transmission medium, capability of hardware and
    software
    Accuracy of delivery: the time it take the link to
    recover from a failure

    Security
    Security of data from: unauthorized access, viruses
    Sep 29, 201
    ITT 300
    14

    Physical Structures
    Types of Connection
    Point to point

    1.

    Two and only two device are


    connected by a dedicated link

    multipoint

    2.

    Three or more devices share a link

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    15

    Physical Structures

    Figure 1.5

    Sep 29, 201

    Point-to-point connection

    ITT 300

    16

    Physical Structures

    Figure 1.6

    Sep 29, 201

    Multipoint connection

    ITT 300

    17

    Network Topology

    MESH
    STAR
    BUS
    RING

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    18

    Network Topology
    Mesh

    Every device has a


    dedicated point to point
    link to every device

    Fully connected mesh has


    n(n-1)/2 physical channel
    to link n devices
    Advantages

    Eliminate traffic problem

    Robust, one unusable,


    other can be used

    Privacy and security

    Easy to reroute

    Sep 29, 201

    Disadvantages
    Amount of cable increase
    Number of input output
    port increase
    Wiring can be greater
    than space
    expensive

    ITT 300

    19

    Network Topology

    Figure 1.8

    Sep 29, 201

    Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

    ITT 300

    20

    Network Topology
    Star
    Each point has a dedicated point to point only to a
    central controller, called hub
    It does not allow direct traffic between devices
    Advantage
    Less cabling-less expensive than mesh topology
    Easy to install and reconfigure
    To easy fault identification and fault isolation
    Disadvantage
    More cabling required compared some other
    topologies

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    21

    Network Topology

    Figure 1.9

    Sep 29, 201

    Star topology

    ITT 300

    22

    Network Topology
    Bus
    One long cable act as backbone to link all devices in
    the network
    Node are connected to the bus by drop lines and tap.
    Advantages
    Easy to install
    Use less cable with one long backbone
    Disadvantages
    Difficult to reconfigure
    Any tab to the backbone will degrade the quality of
    the network
    Fault of the backbone will stop all transmission

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    23

    Network Topology

    Figure 1.10

    Sep 29, 201

    Bus topology

    ITT 300

    24

    Network Topology
    Ring
    Has a dedicate point to point only with two
    devices on either side.
    Signal pass in along ring in one direction from
    device to device until reach destination
    Each device act as repeater.
    Advantage
    Easy to install and reconfigure
    Disadvantage
    Unidirectional traffic can be disadvantage
    A break in a ring can disable entire network
    Sep 29, 201
    ITT 300
    25

    Network Topology

    Figure 1.11 Ring topology

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    26

    Categories of Network

    Figure 1.12

    Sep 29, 201

    Categories of networks

    ITT 300

    27

    Categories of Network

    Local Area Network(LAN)

    Within building, single office, plant and


    campus
    Limited to a few kilometers.
    Designed to allow resources to be
    shared between personal computer or
    computer.
    Common LAN topologies bus, star and
    ring

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    28

    Categories of Network

    Figure 1.13

    Sep 29, 201

    LAN

    ITT 300

    29

    Categories of Network

    Sep 29, 201

    Figure 1.13

    LAN (Continued)

    ITT 300

    30

    Categories of Network

    Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

    is a backbone network that connects


    local area network in a metropolitan
    area such as city or town and handles
    the bulk activity or traffic across
    region.

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    31

    Categories of Network

    Figure 1.14

    MAN

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    32

    Categories of Network

    Wide Area Network(WAN)

    a network that covers a large


    geographic area(such as city, country
    or the world) using a communication
    channel combines many types of
    media such as telephone lines, cable
    and air waves
    An enterprise network

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    33

    Categories of Network

    Figure 1.15

    Sep 29, 201

    WAN

    ITT 300

    34

    The Internet

    An internet (lowercase letter i)

    The Internet (uppercase letter I)

    is two or more networks that can communicate with


    each other but doesnt provide services to public
    is a collaboration of more than hundreds of
    thousands interconnected networks and provide
    services to public

    The Internet Today

    International Service Providers


    National Service Providers(NSPs)
    Regional Internet Service Providers
    Local Internet Service Providers

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    35

    The Internet

    Figure 1.16

    Internet today

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    36

    Protocol and Standards

    Protocols

    A set of rules that govern data


    communication
    It defines what is communicated, how
    it is communicated and when it is
    communicated
    Element of protocols:syntax,
    semantic, timing

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    37

    Protocols and Standards

    Syntax
    The structure or format of data, eg the first eight bits
    to be the address of sender, the second is the address
    of the receiver and the remains are the message
    Semantics
    The meaning of each sections of bits, means how is a
    particular pattern to be interpreted eg does an
    address identify the route to be taken
    Timing
    Refers to two characteristics, when data should be
    sent and how fast they can be sent

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    38

    Protocols and Standards

    Standards

    Guidelines to manufactures, vendors, government


    agencies and other service providers to ensure the
    kind of interconnectivity necessary in todays
    marketplace and in international communications
    A model that makes possible for a product to work
    regardless of the individual manufacturer.
    Data communications standards fall into 2 categories:

    De facto-standard have been legislated


    through widespread use of people

    De jure-standard have been legislated by an


    officially standard organizations

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    39

    Standards Organization

    The International Standard


    Organization(ISO)

    An organization dedicated to worlwide


    agreement on international standards in a
    variety of fields

    The International Telecommunications


    Union- Telecommunication Standards

    An international standards organization that


    develops standards for telecommunication eg
    V-series

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    40

    Standards Organizations

    The American National Standards


    Institute(ANSI)

    A non-profit organization, US representative to


    both the ISO and ITU-T

    The Institute of Electrical and Electronics


    Engineers(IEEE)

    The largest national professional group


    involved in developing standards for
    computing, communication, engineering and
    electronics

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    41

    Standards Organizations

    The Electronics Industries


    Association(EIA)

    An association of electronics
    manufacturers in US that responsible
    for developing EIA standards

    The Federal Communication


    Commission(FCC)

    Has authority to approve every piece


    of communication technology

    Sep 29, 201

    ITT 300

    42

    End of Chapter 1

    Sep 29, 2016

    ITT 300

    43

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