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    Urine Formation: Agnes R. Indrati Dept. of Clinical Pathology Univ. of Padjadjaran

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    Hafdzi Maulana
    This document summarizes the key processes involved in urine formation by the kidneys. It discusses the gross anatomy of the kidneys and describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney. The three major functions of the kidneys are regulating fluid balance and electrolytes, excreting waste products, and secreting hormones. Urine formation involves filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood in the nephron tubules, and excretion of remaining fluid as urine. Concentration and dilution of urine depends on water permeability regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

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    Urine Formation: Agnes R. Indrati Dept. of Clinical Pathology Univ. of Padjadjaran

    Uploaded by

    Hafdzi Maulana
    158 views36 pages
    This document summarizes the key processes involved in urine formation by the kidneys. It discusses the gross anatomy of the kidneys and describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney. The three major functions of the kidneys are regulating fluid balance and electrolytes, excreting waste products, and secreting hormones. Urine formation involves filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood in the nephron tubules, and excretion of remaining fluid as urine. Concentration and dilution of urine depends on water permeability regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

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    proses pembentukan urin. organ genitourinary.

    Original Title

    Urine Formation

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    This document summarizes the key processes involved in urine formation by the kidneys. It discusses the gross anatomy of the kidneys and describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney. The three major functions of the kidneys are regulating fluid balance and electrolytes, excreting waste products, and secreting hormones. Urine formation involves filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood in the nephron tubules, and excretion of remaining fluid as urine. Concentration and dilution of urine depends on water permeability regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    158 views36 pages

    Urine Formation: Agnes R. Indrati Dept. of Clinical Pathology Univ. of Padjadjaran

    Uploaded by

    Hafdzi Maulana
    This document summarizes the key processes involved in urine formation by the kidneys. It discusses the gross anatomy of the kidneys and describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney. The three major functions of the kidneys are regulating fluid balance and electrolytes, excreting waste products, and secreting hormones. Urine formation involves filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood in the nephron tubules, and excretion of remaining fluid as urine. Concentration and dilution of urine depends on water permeability regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

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    URINE FORMATION

    Agnes R. Indrati
    Dept. Of Clinical Pathology
    Univ. Of Padjadjaran

    GROSS ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY

    MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS


    1. Regulation of:

    body fluid osmolarity and volume

    electrolyte balance

    acid-base balance

    blood pressure
    2. Excretion of
    metabolic products
    foreign substances (pesticides, chemicals etc.)
    excess substance (water, etc)
    3. Secretion of
    erythropoitin
    1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (vitamin D activation)
    renin
    prostaglandin

    CHARACTERISTICS OF
    RENAL STRUCTURE
    AND FUNCTION

    NEPHRON AND COLLECTING DUCT


    Nephron: The
    functional unit of the
    kidney
    Each kidney is made
    up of about 1 million
    nephrons
    Each nephrons has
    two major
    components:
    1)A glomerulus
    2)A long tube

    THE NEPHRON
    The Nephron Is the
    Functional Unit
    of the Kidney
    Structure of nephron
    glomerulus
    proximal convoluted
    tubule (pct)
    loop of Henle
    descending limb
    ascending limb
    distal convoluted tubule

    ANATOMY OF KIDNEY
    Cortical nephron
    glomeruli in outer
    cortex & short loops
    of Henle that extend
    only short distance
    into medulla
    blood flow through cortex
    is rapid majority of
    nephrons are cortical
    cortical interstitial
    fluid 300 mOsmolar

    Juxtamedullary nephron
    glomeruli in inner part
    of cortex & long loops
    of Henle which extend
    deeply into medulla.
    blood flow through vasa
    recta in medulla is slow
    medullary interstitial
    fluid is hyperosmotic
    maintains osmolality &
    acid-base balance

    THE RENAL CORPUSCLE


    Composed of Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

    Renal tubules
    and collecting
    duct

    THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS


    Including macula densa, extraglumerular mesangial cells, and
    juxtaglomerular (granular cells) cells controlling nephron
    function

    BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEY


    The renal artery -segmental arteries
    -- interlobar arteries
    that communicate
    with one another via
    arcuate arteries.
    The arcuate arteries
    give off branches
    called interlobular
    arteries that extend
    into the cortex.
    Venous return of
    blood is via similarly
    named veins

    BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEY


    The interlobular
    arteries --afferent
    arterioles -glomerulus - efferent
    arterioles --capillary
    network surrounding
    the tubule system of
    the nephron.
    The interlobular
    veins are then the
    collecting vessel of
    the nephron
    capillary system.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RENAL


    BLOOD FLOW
    high blood flow. 1200
    ml/min, or 21 percent
    of the cardiac output.
    94% to the cortex
    Two capillary beds
    High hydrostatic
    pressure in glomerular
    capillary (about 60
    mmHg) and low
    hydrostatic pressure in
    peritubular capillaries
    (about 13 mmHg)

    Functions of the Nephron


    Reabsorptio
    n
    Filtration

    Secretion
    Excretion

    FILTRATION

    First step in urine formation

    GFR = 180 L/day

    fluids move across the glomerular


    capillary in response to
    glomerular hydrostatic pressure
    blood enters glomerular capillary

    FILTRATION
    filters out of renal corpuscle
    large proteins & cells
    stay behind
    everything else is
    filtered into nephron
    glomerular filtrate
    plasma like fluid in
    glomerulus
    Factors that determining the
    glomerular filterability
    1.Molecular weight
    2.Charges of the molecule

    GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

    Amount of filtrate produced in the


    kidneys each minute. 125mL/min =
    180L/day
    Factors that alter filtration pressure
    change GFR. These include:
    Increased renal blood flow -- Increased GFR
    Decreased plasma protein -- Increased GFR.
    Causes edema.
    Hemorrhage -- Decreased capillary BP -Decreased GFR

    GFR REGULATION

    GFR is regulated using three


    mechanisms
    1. Renal Autoregulation

    2. Neural regulation
    3. Hormonal regulation
    All three mechanism adjust renal blood
    pressure and resulting blood flow

    REABSORBTION
    Process of returning
    filtered material to
    bloodstream
    99% of what is
    filtered
    May involve
    transport protein(s)
    Normally glucose is
    totally reabsorbed

    SECRETION
    Material added to
    lumen of kidney
    from blood
    Active transport
    (usually) of toxins
    and foreign
    substances
    Saccharine
    Penicillin

    EXCRETION
    Urinary excretion rate = Filtration rate Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate

    Filtration, reabsoption, and excretion rates of substances by the kidneys

    Glucose

    (g/day)

    Filtered

    Reabsorbed

    Excreted

    Reabsorbed

    (meq/24h)

    (meq/24h)

    (meq/24h)

    (%)

    180

    180

    100

    4,320

    4,318

    > 99.9

    Sodium

    (meq/day) 25,560

    25,410

    150

    99.4

    Chloride

    (meq/day) 19,440

    19,260

    180

    99.1

    Water

    (l/day)

    169

    167.5

    Urea

    (g/day)

    48

    24

    Creatinine

    (g/day)

    Bicarbonate (meq/day)

    1.8

    1.5
    24
    1.8

    99.1
    50
    0

    Two pathways of the absorption:


    Transcellular
    Lumen

    Pathway
    Cells

    Plasma

    Paracellular
    transport

    URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION


    When there is excess water in the body and body
    fluid osmolarity is reduced, the kidney can excrete
    urine with an osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/liter, a
    concentration that is only about one sixth the
    osmolarity of normal extracellular fluid.
    Conversely, when there is a deficient of water and
    extracellular fluids osmolarity is high, the kidney
    can excrete urine with a concentration of about
    1200 to 1400 mOsm/liter.

    THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR FORMING A


    CONCENTRATED OR DILUTED URINE
    the controlled secretion of antidiuretic hormone
    (ADH), which regulates the permeability of the
    distal tubules and collecting ducts to water;
    a high osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial
    fluid, which provides the osmotic gradient
    necessary for water reabsorption to occur in the
    presence of high level of ADH.

    THE EFFECTS OF ADH ON THE DISTAL


    COLLECTING DUCT AND COLLECTING DUCTS

    WATER REABSORPTION
    Obligatory water
    reabsorption:
    Using sodium and other
    solutes.
    Water follows solute to
    the interstitial fluid
    (transcellular and
    paracellular pathway).
    Largely influenced by
    sodium reabsorption

    Obligatory water reabsorption

    FACULTATIVE (SELECTIVE) WATER


    REABSORPTION
    Occurs mostly in collecting ducts
    Through the water poles (channel)
    Regulated by the ADH

    HYPEROSMOTIC GRADIENT IN THE


    RENAL MEDULLA

    An
    Overview
    of Urine
    Formation

    Is it Christmas yet...

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