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    Presentation C.elements

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    EsterkaKraljik
    Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down further by chemical means. There are over 90 naturally occurring elements that are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number and properties. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and can form bonds with other atoms through ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds to create compounds with unique properties. Matter exists in different states such as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas that are determined by temperature and physical forces.

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    Presentation C.elements

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    EsterkaKraljik
    28 views17 pages
    Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down further by chemical means. There are over 90 naturally occurring elements that are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number and properties. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and can form bonds with other atoms through ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds to create compounds with unique properties. Matter exists in different states such as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas that are determined by temperature and physical forces.

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    Presentation C.elements

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    Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down further by chemical means. There are over 90 naturally occurring elements that are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number and properties. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and can form bonds with other atoms through ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds to create compounds with unique properties. Matter exists in different states such as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas that are determined by temperature and physical forces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views17 pages

    Presentation C.elements

    Uploaded by

    EsterkaKraljik
    Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down further by chemical means. There are over 90 naturally occurring elements that are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number and properties. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and can form bonds with other atoms through ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds to create compounds with unique properties. Matter exists in different states such as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas that are determined by temperature and physical forces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Chemical Elements

    WORLD

    What is a Chemical Element?


    Answer:
    A chemical element, or an element, is a material which cannot
    be broken down or changed into another substance using
    chemical means. Elements may be thought of as the basic
    chemical building blocks of matter. Depending on how much
    evidence you require to prove a new element has been
    created, there are 117 or 118 known elements.
    All substances consist of matter. Matter is anything which has
    mass and takes up space. Some important concepts to
    remember about matter are:
    Matter is made up of one or more of over 92 naturallyoccurring elements.
    Each element is a pure substance, made up of only one type
    of atom.

    The Periodic Table


    The periodic table is a chart which organizes the chemical
    elements. The elements are categorized according to the
    following attributes:
    Atomic Number - number of protons in the nucleus
    Atomic Mass - sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the
    nucleus
    Atomic weight - total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons.
    The unit of mass for atoms and their particles is the DALTON. A
    neutron has a mass of 1.008 daltons; a proton 1.007 daltons; an
    electron 0.0005 daltons, hence practically all the mass of an
    atom is in the nucleus.
    Group - columns or multiple columns in the periodic table:
    -elements in a group share similar chemical and physical
    properties.
    Period - rows from left to right in the period table:
    -elements in a period have the same number of energy shells.

    Atom and Its Structure


    Chemistry is the study of matter and the
    interactions between different types of matter
    and energy. The fundamental building block of
    matter is the atom. An atom consists of three
    main parts: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
    Protons have a positive electrical charge.
    Neutrons have no electrical charge. Electrons
    have a negative electrical charge. Protons and
    neutrons are found together in what is called
    the nucleus of the atom. Electrons circle
    around nucleus.

    Isotopes
    The difference between one element and other
    is due to the difference in the number of
    protons in their atoms. However, some atoms
    of the same element have different numbers
    of neutrons. These different atoms are called
    isotopes of the element. All isotopes have the
    same chemical properties because the
    chemical properties of an element are
    determined by their electrons and all atoms
    of an element have the same number of
    electrons.

    Electrons
    Electrons posses different amounts of energy
    and are located in numbered energy levels up
    to n = 7. Electron levels are sometimes called
    energy shells and are labelled: K, L, M, N,
    etc. To achieve stability, atoms either empty
    their outermost energy levels or fill it up to
    the maximum. In so doing they may give up,
    accept or share electrons with other atoms,
    whichever is easiest. The VALENCE (combining
    capacity) is the number of of extra or deficient
    electrons in the valence energy level.

    BONDS
    ANIMAL BONDING
    HUMAN BONDING
    CHEMICAL BONDS

    Chemical Compounds - Chemical


    Bonds
    A compound is a combination of two or
    more chemically-bonded elements.
    IONIC BONDS
    COVALENT BONDS
    HYDROGEN BONDS

    Ionic Bonds
    In ionic bonds, electrons are actually transferred
    from one atom to another. Such attoms or
    aggregates of atoms are then called ions. The
    atom gaining an electron or electrons becomes
    negatively charged, called an anion. The atom
    which loses electrons becomes positively charged,
    called a cation. Since oppositely charged
    particles attract each other, oppositely charged
    ions can be held together by this attraction to
    form electrically neutral ionic compounds. Such
    attracttions are called IONIC BONDS.

    Covalent Bonds
    In covalent bonds, atoms share electrons in their outer
    energy level. If one pair of electrons are shared (e.g.
    H2) a SINGLE covalent bond is formed. Two pairs
    shared (e.g O2) form a DOUBLE bond. Three pairs
    (e.g. N2) a TRIPLE bond. Shared electrons, attracted
    equally to both atoms, as with H2, form a NON-POLAR
    COVALENT BOND. However, if one atom attracts the
    shared electrons more strongly than the other, the
    bond is a POLAR COVALENT BOND and produces polar
    molecules with positive and negative areas. Water is
    a polar molecule.

    Hydrogen Bonds
    Oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
    can attract one another. Such a bond
    between hydrogen and e.g. Oxygen or
    nitrogen is called a HYDROGEN BOND. These
    occur in water, proteins and other large
    molecules but are weak bonds (5% as strong
    as covalent bonds). However, large molecules
    may contain many H-bonds, e.g. between
    bases in DNA and can thus give strength and
    three-dimensional shape to, e.g proteins and
    nucleic acids.

    Hydrogen Bonding

    Basic Constituents of
    Protoplasm

    ELEMENTS

    PERCENT
    AGE

    MAKE
    (H+O)

    MAKE
    (H+0+C)

    MAKE
    (H+O+C+N)

    HHYDROGEN

    9.5%

    WATER

    CARBOHYDRAT PROTEINS
    ES & LIPIDS

    O - OXYGEN

    65.0%

    C - CARBON

    18.5%

    NNITROGEN

    3.2%

    Mixtures
    A mixture is defined as an impure substance made up of two or
    more types of elements (atoms) or compounds or both
    mechanically mixed in any proportion, and it can be further
    subdivided into simpler substances by physical (mechanical)
    means.
    The constituents of a mixture retain their original
    properties.
    The constituents of a homogenous mixture are uniformly
    mixed throughout the mixture. The properties and composition
    of a homogenous mixture are the same throughout the
    mixture.
    The constituents of a heterogenous mixture are not
    uniformly mixed throughout the mixture. The properties and
    composition of a heterogenous mixture are not the same
    throughout the mixture.

    Mixtures
    Examples of Mixtures
    Stainless steel is a mixture (alloy) of
    iron, carbon, chromium, and nickel.
    Carbon gives hardness to the mixture.
    Chromium and nickel give a silvery look
    to the mixture.
    Potassium sulfide solution is a
    homogenous mixture.
    A mixture of water and oil is
    heterogenous in nature.

    Compounds
    A compound is defined as a pure substance made up of
    two or more types of elements (atoms) chemically
    combined in a fixed proportion, and it can be further
    subdivided into simpler substances by chemical means
    only.
    A molecule is the smallest part of a compound, whose
    properties are the same as those of the compound.
    A compound can be represented by using a chemical
    formula.
    Examples of Compounds
    The chemical formulae H2O and FeS represent the
    compounds water and Ferrous sulfide (Iron [I] sulfide)
    respectively.

    States of Matter
    There are five main states of matter. Solids,
    liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein
    condensates are all different states of matter.
    Each of these states is also known as a phase.
    Elements and compounds can move from one
    phase to another phase when specialphysical
    forcesare present. One example of those
    forces is temperature. The phase or state of
    matter can change when the temperature
    changes. Generally, as the temperature rises,
    matter moves to a more active state.

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