PCI Analysis
PCI Analysis
PCI Analysis
Pavement Management
for
Airports, Roads, and Parking lots
ByMohamedY.Shahin
ASTM D 6433 07
Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots
Pavement Condition Index Surveys
ASTM D 6433 07
Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots
Pavement Condition Index Surveys
Thismethodologycoversthedeterminationofroads
andparkinglotspavementconditionthroughvisual
surveysusingthePavementConditionIndex(PCI)
methodofquantifyingpavementcondition.
ThePCIisanumericalindicatorthatratesthesurface
conditionofthepavement.ThePCIprovidesameasure
ofthepresentconditionofthepavementbasedonthe
distressobservedonthesurfaceofthepavement,
whichalsoindicatesthestructuralintegrityandsurface
operationalcondition(localizedroughnessandsafety).
Terminology
Pavement Condition Index (PCI)
anumericalratingofthepavementcondition
thatrangesfrom0to100with0beingthe
worstpossibleconditionand100beingthe
bestpossiblecondition.
Terminology
pavement condition
ratingaverbal
descriptionof
pavementcondition
asafunctionofthe
PCIvaluethat
variesfromfailed
toexcellent
PCICalculationProcedure
Thepavementisdividedintobranchesthat
aredividedintosections.Eachsectionis
dividedintosampleunits.
Terminology
Pavement Branchabranchisan
identifiablepartofthepavementnetwork
thatisasingleentityandhasadistinct
function.
Forexample,eachroadwayorparking
areaisaseparatebranch.
Terminology
Pavement Sectionacontiguouspavement
areahavinguniformconstruction,
maintenance,usagehistory,and
condition.Asectionshouldhavethesame
trafficvolumeandloadintensity.
Thehomogeneoussectionshouldbethe
lengthofafutureconstructionMR&R
project.
Terminology Section
Pavement Sample
Unitasubdivision
ofapavement SampleUnit
sectionthathasa
standardsizerange:
2500SF ` 1000SF
SampleUnits
Sample Size, SF
Pavement
Section Length Lane Width Area, SF 1500 2500 3500
Undivided Rd
No.ofSampleUnits No.ofUnitstobe
inspected
1to5 1
6to10 2
11to15 3
16to40 4
Over40 10%
Roundedup
Terminology
Pavement Distressexternalindicatorsof
pavementdeteriorationcausedbyloading,
environmentalfactors,construction
deficiencies,oracombinationthereof.
Typicaldistressesarecracks,rutting,and
weatheringofthepavementsurface.
PROCEDURE
Data Sheets,orotherfieldrecording
instrumentsthatrecordataminimumthe
followinginformation:date,location,
branch,section,sampleunitsize,slab
numberandsize,distresstypes,severity
levels,quantities,andnamesofsurveyors.
ExampledatasheetsforACandPCC
pavements
Inspection Procedure
Thedefinitionsandguidelinesforquantifying
distressesforPCIdeterminationaregivenin
AppendixX1forACpavements.Usingthistest
method,inspectorsshouldidentifydistresstypes
accurately95%ofthetime.
Linearmeasurementsshouldbeconsidered
accuratewhentheyarewithin10%if
remeasured,andareameasurementsshouldbe
consideredaccuratewhentheyarewithin20%
ifremeasured.
Asphalt Concrete (AC) Surfaced
Pavement
Measurethequantityofeachseveritylevel
ofeverydistresstypepresent,and
recordingthedata.Eachdistressmust
correspondintypeandseveritytothat
describedinAppendixX1Distress in
Asphalt Pavements
Nineteendistresstypesforasphalt-
surfacedpavementsarelisted
DistressExample
ALLIGATOR CRACKING (FATIGUE)
Alligatororfatiguecrackingisaseriesofinterconnectingcrackscausedby
fatiguefailureoftheasphaltconcretesurfaceunderrepeatedtrafficloading.
Severity Levels:
LFine,longitudinalhairlinecracksrunning
paralleltoeachotherwithno,oronlyafew
interconnectingcracks.
MFurtherdevelopmentoflightalligator
cracksintoapatternornetworkofcracksthat
maybelightlyspalled
HNetworkorpatterncrackinghas
progressedsothatthepiecesarewell
definedandspalledattheedges.
How to MeasureAlligatorcrackingis
measuredinsquarefeetofsurfacearea.The
entireareashouldberatedatthehighest
severitypresent.
Calculation of PCI for Asphalt Concrete
(AC) Pavement
Addupthetotalquantityofeachdistresstypeateachseveritylevel,
andrecordthemintheTotalSeveritiessection.
Density
=13/2500*100=0.52
Percent Density
Dividethetotalquantityofeachdistress
typeateachseveritylevelbythetotal
areaofthesampleunitandmultiplyby
100toobtainthepercentdensityofeach
distresstypeandseverity.
Determinethedeductvalue(DV)foreach
distresstypeandseveritylevel
combinationfromthedistressdeduct
valuecurvesinAppendixX3.
AlligatorCrackingDeductCurve
7.9
Maximum Corrected Deduct Value (CDV)
Thefollowingproceduremustbeusedtodeterminethe
maximumCDV.
Ifnoneoronlyoneindividualdeductvalueisgreaterthan
2,thetotalvalueisusedinplaceofthemaximumCDV
indeterminingthePCI;otherwise,
themaximumCDViscalculatedasfollows:
Listtheindividualdeductvaluesindescendingorder.
Determinetheallowablenumberofdeducts,m,from
Fig.5,orusingthefollowingformula:
m=1+(9/98)(100-HDV)<=10
Maximum Corrected Deduct Value (CDV)
where:
m =allowablenumberofdeductsincluding
fractions(mustbelessthanorequalto
ten),and
HDV=highestindividualdeductvalue.
Forexample,
m=1+(9/98)(100-HDV)
m =1+(9/98)(100-25.1)=7.9
Figure5
m largestdeductvalues
Thenumberofindividualdeductvalues(>
2)isreducedtothem largestdeduct
values,includingthefractionalpart.
FortheexampleinFig.6,thevaluesare
25.1,23.4,17.9,11.2,7.9,7.5,6.9,and
4.8(the4.8isobtainedbymultiplying5.3
by(7.97=0.9)).
Iflessthanm deductvaluesareavailable,
allofthedeductvaluesareused.
PROCEDURE
Determinetotaldeductvaluebysummingindividual
deductvalues.Thetotaldeductvalueisobtainedby
addingtheindividualdeductvalues,thatis,104.7.
Determineq asthenumberofdeductswithavalue
greaterthan2.0.Forexample,inFig.6,q =8.
DeterminetheCDVfromtotaldeductvalueandq by
lookinguptheappropriatecorrectioncurveforAC
pavementsinFig.X4.15inAppendixX3.
Reducethesmallestindividualdeductvaluegreaterthan
2.0to2.0andrepeatuntilq =1.
MaximumCDVisthelargestoftheCDVs.
MaximumCDV
Determine
maximu
mCDV
iteratively
PCI=100-Max
CDV
100-51=49
Forthe1 st
SampleUnit
51
Determination of Section PCI
Ifallsurveyedsampleunitsareequalinsize,theSection
PCIistheaverageofthesampleunitPCI.
Ifallsurveyedsampleunitsarenotequalinsize,thenthe
PCIofthesection(PCIs)iscalculatedasthearea
weightedPCIofthesurveyedsampleunits(PCIr)using
equation5:
R
( PCI ri * Ari )
PCI s PCI r i 1
n
A
i 1
ri
Determination of Section PCI
Where:
PCIs=PCIofthepavementsection
PCIr=areaweightedPCIofrandomly
surveyedsampleunits,
PCIri =PCIofrandomsampleuniti,
Ari =areaofrandomsampleuniti,
R=Totalnumberofinspectedrandom
sampleunits
Questions?