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    2304 Urinary

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    Aliyah Tofani Pawelloi
    The urinary system functions to regulate water and electrolyte balance, remove waste, and eliminate it from the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine from blood plasma. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, stored in the bladder, and then emptied through the urethra.

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    2304 Urinary

    Uploaded by

    Aliyah Tofani Pawelloi
    34 views31 pages
    The urinary system functions to regulate water and electrolyte balance, remove waste, and eliminate it from the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine from blood plasma. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, stored in the bladder, and then emptied through the urethra.

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    The urinary system functions to regulate water and electrolyte balance, remove waste, and eliminate it from the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine from blood plasma. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, stored in the bladder, and then emptied through the urethra.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    34 views31 pages

    2304 Urinary

    Uploaded by

    Aliyah Tofani Pawelloi
    The urinary system functions to regulate water and electrolyte balance, remove waste, and eliminate it from the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine from blood plasma. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, stored in the bladder, and then emptied through the urethra.

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    The Urinary System

    Functions of the urinary system


    Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma
    Regulating blood volume and pressure
    Regulating plasma ion concentrations
    Stabilizing blood pH
    Conserving nutrients
    Filter many liters of fluid from blood
    Excretion - The removal of organic waste products
    from body fluids
    Urea
    Uric acid
    Creatinine
    Elimination - The discharge of waste products into the
    environment
    Urinary System
    Kidneys produce
    urine
    Ureters transport
    urine to bladder
    Urinary bladder -
    stores urine
    Urethra transports
    urine to exterior

    Figure 26.1
    Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys
    Located retroperitoneally
    Lateral to T12L3 vertebrae
    Average kidney
    12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm
    thick
    Hilus
    On concave surface
    Vessels and nerves enter and
    exit
    Renal capsule surrounds the
    kidney
    Urinary System in Gross Dissection

    Figure 26.3
    Internal Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
    Frontal section through the
    kidney
    Renal cortex
    Renal pyramids
    Renal pelvis
    Major calicies
    Minor calicies
    Gross vasculature
    Renal arteries
    Branch into segmental
    arteries
    Anatomy of the kidneys
    Superficial outer cortex and inner medulla
    The medulla consists of 6-18 renal pyramids
    The cortex is composed of roughly 1.25 million nephrons
    Major and minor calyces along with the pelvis drain urine to
    the ureters
    Nephron The Functional Unit of Kidney

    Nephron consists of:


    Renal corpuscle
    Renal tubule:
    Proximal
    convoluted tubule
    (PCT)
    Loop of Henle
    Distal convoluted
    tubule (DCT)
    Nephron empties
    tubular fluid into a
    system of collecting
    ducts and papillary
    ducts
    Renal Corpuscle
    Consists of:
    Glomerulus tuft of fenestrated capillaries
    Glomerular (Bowmans) capsule
    Parietal layer simple squamous epithelium
    Visceral layer consists of podocytes
    Blood travels from efferent arteriole to peritubular capillaries
    Blood leaves the nephron via the efferent arteriole
    Renal Corpuscle and the Filtration Membrane

    Figure 23.6a
    Glomerulus anatomy
    Podocytes cover lamina densa of
    capillaries
    Project into the capsular space
    Pedicels of podocytes separated by
    filtration slits
    Two types of nephron
    Cortical nephrons
    ~85% of all nephrons
    Located in the cortex
    Juxtamedullary nephrons
    Closer to renal medulla
    Loops of Henle extend
    deep into renal
    pyramids
    Nephron
    Proximal convoluted
    tubule (PCT)
    Actively reabsorbs
    nutrients, plasma proteins
    and ions from filtrate
    Released into peritubular
    fluid
    Loop of Henle
    Descending limb
    Ascending limb
    Each limb has a thick and
    thin section
    Nephron
    Distal convoluted
    tubule (DCT)
    Actively secretes
    ions, toxins, drugs
    Reabsorbs sodium
    ions from tubular
    fluid
    Collecting Tubules (Collecting ducts)
    Collecting tubules - Receive urine from
    distal convoluted tubules

    Figure 23.8
    Uriniferous Tubule

    Figure 23.5a
    Types Of Capillary Beds In Nephron
    Glomerulus - Fed and
    drained by afferent and
    efferent arterioles
    Peritubular capillaries
    Arise from efferent
    arterioles
    Low-pressure, porous
    capillaries
    Absorb solutes
    Vasa recta
    Thin-walled looping vessels
    Part of the kidneys urine-
    concentrating mechanism
    Mechanisms of Urine Production
    Filtration - filtrate of
    blood leaves kidney
    capillaries
    Reabsorption most
    nutrients, water, and
    essential ions reclaimed
    Secretion - active process
    of removing undesirable
    molecules
    Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
    Juxtaglomerular apparatus
    Functions in the regulation of blood pressure
    Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
    Macula densa
    A portion of distal convoluted tubule
    Tall, closely packed epithelial cells
    Act as chemoreceptors
    Summary of Nephron Function

    Each segment of nephron


    and collecting system
    contribute
    Glomerulus
    PCT
    Descending limb
    Thick ascending limb
    DCT and collecting
    ducts
    Concentrated urine
    produced after
    considerable
    modification of filtrate
    Urine Excretion
    Leaves Collecting System
    Enters renal pelvis
    Rest of urinary system transports,
    stores and eliminates
    Ureters
    Bladder
    Urethra
    The Ureters
    Pair of muscular tubes
    Extend from renal pelvis to the bladder
    Peristaltic contractions force urine from the kidneys to the urinary
    bladder
    Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine
    Histology of Ureter

    Mucosa transitional
    epithelium
    Muscularis two layers
    Inner longitudinal layer
    Outer circular layer
    Adventitia typical
    connective tissue
    Urinary Bladder
    A collapsible muscular
    sac
    Stores and expels urine
    Full bladder spherical
    Expands into the
    abdominal cavity
    Empty bladder lies
    entirely within the pelvis

    Figure 23.13
    Urinary Bladder
    Wall of bladder
    Mucosa - transitional epithelium
    Muscular layer - detrusor muscle
    Adventitia
    The urethra
    Extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
    Passes through urogenital diaphragm (external urinary sphincter)
    Differs in length and function in males and females
    Internal urethral sphincter - involuntary smooth muscle
    External urethral sphincter - voluntarily inhibits urination, relaxes when
    one urinates
    Urinary Bladder and Urethra - Male
    Males 20 cm in
    length
    Three named regions
    Prostatic urethra -
    passes through the
    prostate gland
    Membranous urethra -
    through the urogenital
    diaphragm
    Spongy (penile)
    urethra passes through
    the length of the penis

    Figure 23.16a
    Urinary Bladder and Urethra - Female
    In females - length of 34 cm
    The smooth triangular region of the base is is called the
    trigone - many bladder infections persist in this region
    Urethra
    Epithelium of urethra
    Transitional epithelium at the proximal
    end (near the bladder)
    Stratified and pseudostratified columnar
    mid urethra (in males)
    Stratified squamous epithelium at the
    distal end (near the urethral opening)
    Micturition
    Bladder can hold 250 -
    400ml
    Greater volumes stretch
    bladder walls initiates
    micturation reflex:
    Urination coordinated by
    micturition reflex
    Initiated by stretch receptors
    in wall of bladder
    Urination requires coupling
    micturition reflex with
    relaxation of external
    urethral sphincter
    Blood Flow Through the Kidney

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