Decision Making and Branching

Programming in C
Chapter 5
Decision Making and Branching
Programming in C Chapt.5 Decision Making and Branching
Introduction:
C program is a set of statements which are normally
executed sequentially in the order.
Many times it is required to alter the flow of the sequence

of instructions. C language provides statements that can
alter the flow of a sequence of instructions. These
statements are called control statements. These
statements help to jump from one part of the program to
another. The control transfer may be conditional or
unconditional.
03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 2

Simple If Statement
The simplest form of the control statement is the if statement.
The if statement takes entry

the following form: True
test expression?
if (expression )
statement; statement
False
next-statement;
next-statement
Flowchart of simple if control

Example:
The following program calculate the absolute value of the
integer inputted from keyboard.
# include < stdio.h >

void main ( )
{
int number;
printf (Type a number:);
scanf (%d, &number);
if (number < 0)
number = - number;
printf (The absolute value is %d \n, number);
}
# Sometime
include < stdio.hmore> than one statements must be executed if
main
test( )expression is true, a pair of braces must enclose them.
{
int num1,
num1,num2,
intif(test num2,num;
num;
expression)
printf(Type
printf (Typetwotwonumbers:);
numbers:);
{ (%d
scanf
scanf (%d%d,
%d, &num1, &num2);
if (num1 <Statement1;
num2)
{ num = num1, num1 = num2, num2 =num;
Statement2;
printf num
(%d,=%d\n,
num1;num1,num2);if (num1 < num2)
Statement3;
} num1 = num2; num = num1, num1 = num2, num2
...
num2 =num; =num;
} }
printf (%d, %d\n, num1,num2);
}

If the condition expression in if statement is a compound

expression takes the following form:
if(condition1&&condition2)
statement;
The statement may be written as the following form:
if(condition1)
If(condition2)
statement;

Example: Input
ten integers and calculate sum of all numbers
among range 0 to 100.
main()
main()
{
{
int i, num, sum;
printf(int i,Please
num, sum;
input ten integers );
printf(
for( i=0; Please
i<10; i++) input ten integers );
{ for( i=0; i<10; i++)
{scanf( %d , &num );
if( num %d
scanf( > 0 ,
&&&num
num );
< 100)
sum+=num;
if( num > 0)
}
printf( if(
%dnum < 100)
, sum );
} sum+=num;
}
printf( %d , sum );
}
The if else statement

The if else statement is as following form:
If (condition expression)
statement_block1; entry
else
statement_block2; false true
test expression?
statement-block2 statement-block1
next
next statement
statement
Flow chart of if else control

Example:Program find whether the inputted letter is uppercase

or lowercase
void main ( )
{
char letter;
printf (Enter a letter);
scanf (%c, &letter);
if (letter <= z && letter >= a) )
printf (The letter is lowercase);
else
printf (The letter is uppercase);
}
Example2:
Write a program to determines if a year is a leap year.
# include < stdio.h >
void main ( )
{
int year;
printf (Enter the year to be tested);
scanf (%d, &year);
if (year%4 = = 0&&year%100! = 0||year%400==0)

printf (It is a leap year, \n);
else
printf (No. It is not a leap year. \n);
}
Nested If Else Statement

The if statement may contain another if statement that is
known as nested if statement.
The if statement may be nested as deeply
The as you need
nth if condition is .
nested in the (n-1)th
if (condition1)
if (condition2)
if (condition3)
statement-
1;
else Statement-1 will
statement- be executed if
2; all conditions
else are true
statement-3;
else
entry
false true
test exp1?
false true
test exp2?
statement4
statement3
false true
test exp3?
statement2 statement1
next statement
Flow chart of nested ifelse statement

Read following program and write what it will output.

#include < stdio.h >
main ( )
{
int a,b,c,big;
printf (Enter three numbers);
scanf (%d %d %d, &a, &b, &c);
if (a>b)
if(a>c)
big = a ;
else
big = c ;
else if (b>c)
big = b ;
else
big = c ;
printf (Largest of %d,%d&%d = %d, a,b,c,big);
}
The else If ladder

When a series of many conditions have to be checked we
may use the ladder else if statement which takes the following
general form.
if (condition1)
statement-1;
else if (condition-2)
statement-2;
statement-3;
else if (condition-n)
statement-n;
else
default
statement;
statement-x;
The else If ladder

if (condition1)
statement-1;
statement-2;
statement-3;
else if (condition-n)
statement-n;
else
default
statement;
statement-x;
Example: Write a program to find whether a integer number

inputted from keyboard is negative or positive or zero
void main ( )
{
int num;
printf (Enter a integer number);
if (num
scanf < 0) &num);
(%d,
printf (The number is negative);
else if (num > 0)
printf (The number is positive);
else
printf (The number is zero);
} 03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 16
Example
Develop a program for the following problem.
Given a mark, determine its grade based on

the table below:
74 < mark < 100 grade = A

64 < mark < 75 grade = B
54 < mark < 65 grade = C
39 < mark < 55 grade = D
0 < mark < 40 grade = E
others error message
C Programming Language 17
Answer1
int mark;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
printf("Grade = A);
if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
printf(" Grade = B);
if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
printf(" Grade = C);
if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
printf(" Grade = D);
if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
printf(" Grade = E);
if ((mark > 100) || (mark < 0))
printf(Input error\n);
int mark;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark > 100) || (mark < 0))
printf(Input error\n);
else if ((mark >= 75)
printf("Grade = A);
else if (mark >= 65)
printf(" Grade = B);
printf(" Grade = C);
printf(" Grade = D);
else
printf(" Grade = E);
The usage of multiple else If statement increases the

complexity of the program since when the number of If else
statements increase it affects the readability of the program.
The switch statement removes these disadvantages by

using a simple and straight forward approach.

The Switch Statement
Switch statement allows a program to select one statement

(or statements block) from a set of alternatives for execution.
During the execution of the switch statement only one possible

statement (or statements block) will be executed and the
remaining statements will be skipped.

entry Selection process of the switch statement
switch statement-
expression
1;
break;
expression = case value-
1
expression = case value-2 statement-2;
break;

expression = case value-n
statement-n;
break;
default:
next statement;
entry switch (expression)

{
switch case value-1:
expression statement-1;
break;
expression = case value- case value-2:
1 statement-2;
expression = case value-2 break;

case value-n:
expression = case value-n statement-n;
break;
default:
}
next statement;
The general format of the Switch Statement is :

switch (expression) switch (expression)
{ {
case value-1: case value-1:
statement-1; statement-1; break
case value-2: break;
statement-2; case value-2:
statement-2;
case value-n: break;
statement-n;
default: case value-n:
} statement-n;
break;
default:
03/13/17
}
Shandong Normal University 24
main()
{
int a=15,b=21,m=0;
switch(a%3)
{
case 0:m++;break;
case 1:m++;
}
switch(b%2)
{
default:m++;
case 0:m++;break;
}
printf("%d\n",m);
}

Example switch program
case *: result = num1 * num2;
break;
main ( )
case /: if (num2! = 0)
{
result = num1 / num2;
int num1, num2, result;
else
char operator;
{
printf (Enter two numbers);
printf (warning : division b
scanf (%dy.d, &num1,
n);
&num2);
result = 0;
printf (Enter an operator);
}
switch (operator)
scanf (%c, &operator);
break;
{
default: printf (\n unknown operator);
case +:result = num1 +
num2; result = 0;
break; break;
case -: result = num1 printf (%d, result);
num2;
03/13/17 }
Shandong Normal University 26
break;
main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=3;i++)
switch(i)
{
case 0: printf("%d",i);break;
default: printf("%d",i);
}
}
0123
main() 0000111223
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=3;i++)
switch(i)
{
case 0: printf("%d",i);
}
}

main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=3;i++)
switch(i)
{
}
}
01233
main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=3;i++)
switch(i)
{
default: printf("%d",i);break;
}
}
0123
5.8 Conditional Operator
The two symbols used to denote this operator are the

question mark (?) and the colon (:) :.
The general format is,

exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
where exp1, exp2, exp3 are expression.

5.8 Conditional Operator

exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
The condition operator works as follows

exp1 is evaluated first.
If the exp1 is true then exp2 is evaluated and its value

becomes the value of the expression.
If exp1 is false, exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the
value of the expression.
Note that only one of the expression is evaluated.

An example will help you understand,
s = ( x < 0 ) ? -1 : x * x;
If x is less than zero then s = -1
If x is greater than or equal to zero then s = x * x
s = ( x < 0 ) ? -1 : x * x;
equal to
if ( x < 0 )
s = -1;
else
s = x * x;
Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value

using conditional operator
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num1,num2,max ;
printf("please enter two numbers:");
scanf(%d%d, &num1, &num2 );
max=(num1>num2)?num1:num2 ;
printf(The maximum value is %d, max);
}
Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value in

three numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num1,num2, num3,max ;
printf("please enter three numbers:");
scanf(%d%d%d, &num1, &num2, &num3 );
max=(num1>num2)?num1:num2 ;
max=(max>num3)? max:num3 ;
}

three numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
scanf("%d%d%d", &num1, &num2, &num3 );
max=(num1>num2)? (num1>num3)? num1:num3: num2>num3?
num2:num3 ;
printf("The maximum value is %d",max);
}


three numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
scanf(%d%d%d, &num1, &num2, &num3 );
max=(num1>num2)? ((num1>num3)? num1:num3):

((num2>num3)? num2:num3) ;
max;
} 03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 37
Read following program

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num;
printf("please enter your number now:");
scanf("%d", &number );
(num<0)?printf("n"):(num>0)?printf("p"):printf("z");
}
Sample Program Output

please enter your number now: 32
p
The GOTO statement
The goto statement is simple statement used to transfer the

program control unconditionally from one statement to another.
it might not be essential to use the goto statement in a highly

structured language like C.
The goto requires a label in order to identify the place where

the branch is to be made.

Forward jump
goto label;
A label is a valid
goto label;
variable name

followed by a
label:
colon.
statement;
label:
Backward jump statement;
label:
statement;

goto label;

goto label;
The label is placed immediately before the statement where

the control is to be transformed.
The goto statement is discouraged in C, because it alters the

sequential flow of logic that is the characteristic of C language.

Example:
A program to calculate sum = 1+2+3+ + n using goto
statement
main ( )
{
int n, sum = 0, i = 0,
printf (Enter a number);
scanf (%d, &n);
loop: i ++;
sum + = i;
if (i < n)
goto loop;
printf (\n sum of %d natural numbers = %d, n, sum);
}
END

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Programming in C

Many times it is required to alter the flow of the sequence

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 2

The if statement takes entry

Flowchart of simple if control

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 3

# include < stdio.h >

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 5

If the condition expression in if statement is a compound

The statement may be written as the following form:

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 6

The if else statement

Flow chart of if else control

Example:Program find whether the inputted letter is uppercase

if (year%4 = = 0&&year%100! = 0||year%400==0)

Nested If Else Statement

Flow chart of nested ifelse statement

Read following program and write what it will output.

The else If ladder

The else If ladder

Example: Write a program to find whether a integer number

Given a mark, determine its grade based on

74 < mark < 100 grade = A

The usage of multiple else If statement increases the

The switch statement removes these disadvantages by

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 20

The Switch Statement

Switch statement allows a program to select one statement

During the execution of the switch statement only one possible

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 21

entry Selection process of the switch statement

entry switch (expression)

The general format of the Switch Statement is :

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 25

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 28

5.8 Conditional Operator

The two symbols used to denote this operator are the

The general format is,

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 31

5.8 Conditional Operator

The condition operator works as follows

If the exp1 is true then exp2 is evaluated and its value

Note that only one of the expression is evaluated.

An example will help you understand,

Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value

Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value in

Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value in

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 36

Example program illustrate how to find the maximum value in

max=(num1>num2)? ((num1>num3)? num1:num3):

Read following program

Sample Program Output

The GOTO statement

The goto statement is simple statement used to transfer the

it might not be essential to use the goto statement in a highly

The goto requires a label in order to identify the place where

03/13/17 Shandong Normal University 39

The label is placed immediately before the statement where