Lecture 10

Roof Covering
ROOFING TECHNOLOGY
Roof Materials
Materials used for roof coverings should harmonise with the local
surroundings.
These materials should be fit for purpose in their
ability to keep out the elements, thermal insulation, durability and
appearance.
There are an enormous variety of roofing materials.
Selection of roofing material is based on;
Price
Durability
Appearance
Roof Slope
Commonly used materials are:
Shingles
Asphalt
Metal
Wood
Slate
Tile
Wood Shingles
Asphalt
Ceramic
Grass or Thatch
Glass
Corrugated Tin
Slate
Asbestos
ROOFING TYPES:
THE TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF ROOFING WE
MUST CONSIDER ARE FLAT AND PITCHED:
Flat roofs are those with a pitch of 10 or less to
horizontal.
Use waterproof membranes
Pitched roofs have any roof whose angle of
slope to the horizontal lies between 10 and 70
and generally use shingles
Roof cover Terminology
Square: material necessary to cover 100sqft. of
roof surface
Exposure: number of inches of shingle left exposed
above bottom edge.
Lap (top, head, side): amount of material from
shingle that is covered by another shingle
Coverage: number of layers of material that are
applied
Exposure
Pitched Roof Materials:
SHINGLES:
asphalt, sawn wood, shakes, slate, clay tiles or
concrete tiles
THATCH:
bundles of leaves, reeds or grasses
ARCHITECTURAL SHEET METAL:
lead, copper and terne (stainless steel or sheet steel)
with flat or standing seams
Pitched Roof: Shingle Detail
Pitched Roof: Shingle Ridge Detail
Pitched Roof: Shingle Valley Detail
Pitched Roof: Clay Tiles
Metal Roof: Flat Seam
Metal Roof: Flat Seam
1/2 Decking: Plywood material that creates the base layer of all the roofing materials.
Trusses: A-shaped wooden frame that supports the roofing components.
Baffles: A panel that is used between the Trusses to maintain ventilation space between the
roofing material and attic insulation.
Insulation: This material is used to insulate the house from the elements outside,
maintaining the temperature inside.
Ridge: Highest point of the roof layered with a single row of shingles.
Box Vent: Vent near the pitch of the roof allows for proper air flow to and from the attic.
Asphalt Shingles: This top layer of roofing material protects the house by providing
protection from water, snow and other elements that fall from above.
Tar Paper: Protects wooden roofing components from moisture.
Ice and Water Shield: flexible, sticky membrane material that provides a waterproof layer
to the roofing materials for better protection.
Soffit Vents: Vents at the bottom of the trusses allow for airflow and prevent ice damming
on roofing materials
Metal Roofing
Metal Roof: Standing Seam
Metal Roof: Standing Seam
Metal Roof: Blocked Seam
Metal Roof: Block Seam
Flat or Low Slope Roofs:
PRIMARY COMPONENTS:
structural roof deck
thermal insulation
vapour retarder (and air barrier)
waterproof membrane
Structural Roof Deck:
must be designed to minimize deflection to reduce
ponding and minimize drainage
either slope roof deck or taper insulation to drain roof
usual materials are:
plywood
wood decking
cast or hollow core concrete
steel decking
Thermal Insulation:
Can be installed in THREE positions:
BELOW the deck

BETWEEN the deck and the membrane
ABOVE the membrane
A vented air space is mandatory when using batt insulation in a flat
roof!! If you use rigid polystyrene insulation (the blue kind), no air space
is necessary as it is waterproof.
Flat Roof: Insulation and Membrane Position

Insulation BETWEEN the Deck and
the Membrane:
Traditional location for insulation:
use low density rigid panels to support the loads
on the roof membrane without allowing puncture
of membrane
any water vapour trapped in insulation will cause
deck to rot so use topside vents to relieve
pressure
Insulation ABOVE the Membrane:
New concept offering major advantages:

membrane protected from extremes of heat and cold, is
on the warm side of the insulation
membrane protected from UV radiation
membrane protected from puncture
insulation must be extruded polystryrene foam board
which is water resistant and covered with a filter layer to
prevent migration of ballast
Vapour Retarders for Low Slope
Roofs:
membrane in a protected membrane roof is also
the vapour/air barrier
other types of low slope roofs use two layers of
asphalt saturated roofing felt bonded together
and to the roof with hot asphalt
polyethylene film not used as it melts
situated on the warm side of the insulation
Flat Roof: BUR (traditional) vs. Inverted (newer methodology)
ROOFING MEMBRANES:
THREE PRIMARY TYPES:
conventional (bituminous built up roofing or

BUR)
prefabricated sheets
cast in situ
The Built Up Roof (BUR):
constructed of 3 to 5 layers of bitumen impregnated
felts, layered on the roof deck with heated asphalt
may be located either over or under the rigid
insulation
top layer of gravel ballast to protect asphaltic
materials or insulation from UV rays, and to weight
roofing materials against wind uplift forces
BUR on concrete roof deck
BUR on steel decking
Prefabricated Sheets:
THERMOPLASTIC SHEETS:
PVC and blends
EP (ethylene interpolymer)
CPA (copolymer alloys)
ELASTOMERIC (SYNTHETIC) RUBBER SHEETS:
vulcanized, EPDM or neoprene
non vulcanized
MODIFIED bituminous SHEETS:
polymer modifiers
EPDM (ethylene propylene diene
monomer (M-class) rubber:
the most widely used material for single ply roofs
low in cost
synthetic rubber made in large sheets
joined with adhesive, laid loose, adhered,
mechanically fastened or used in a protected
membrane roof
Loose laid, ballasted, membrane
Mechanically fastened membrane: bar type
Mechanically fastened with disc fasteners
Disc fastener detail
Flat Roof: fibre matt used to keep ballast away from insulation
Polymer Modified Bitumens:
sheets of bituminous material to which polymeric
compounds have been added to increase
cohesion, toughness and resistance to flow
reinforced with fibrous mats
some self adhere, or loose laid or laid in hot
asphalt
seams sealed by torching or hot asphaltic
adhesive
PVC:
commonly known as vinyl

seams are sealed either by solvent welding or
hot air welding
may be laid loose, mechanically attached,
adhered or used as a protected membrane
Neoprene:
high performance synthetic rubber compound
applied in sheets and joined with an adhesive
vulnerable to UV rays so coated with a
protective layer
may be adhered, mechanically fastened or laid
loose and ballasted
can be used in a protected membrane roof
Cast in Situ Membranes:
HOT APPLIED RUBBERIZED ASPHALT
COLD APPLIED LIQUID COMPOUNDS

various polymeric and bituminous materials
POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOF WITH

PROTECTIVE COATING
PREFABRICATED SHEETS:
Installation and Attachment
require less on site labour
less prone to cracking
affixed to roof by:
adhesives
the weight of ballast
fasteners concealed in seams between the sheets
with ingenious mechanical fasteners that do not penetrate the
membrane (if it is flexible enough...)
Fluid Applied Membranes:
used primarily for domes, vaults and complex

shapes
applied with a roller or spray gun in several
coats and cure to form a rubbery membrane
used as a spray on waterproofing layer over
sprayed on polyurethane foam insulation
REQUIREMENTS OF ROOFING
MEMBRANES:
tensile strength static puncture
elongation impact resistance
crack bridging low temp. flexibility
fatigue resistance weatherability
thermal shock heat aging
tear resistance dimensional stability
abrasion resistance granule embedment
lap joint integrity
Requirements continued:
membrane attachment
flashing attachment
materials compatibility
wind uplift resistance
These requirements apply to conditions during

manufacture, during installation and in the
field in service.
Flat Roof: expansion joint detail
Flat Roof: area divider
A significant environmental improvement to roofing applications
has been the invention or adoption of green roof practices.
Green roofs are installed over a modified version of more
conventional flat roofs, and are normally comprised of a system
that is sold by several green roof manufacturers (like Soprema)
These roofs have been used widely in Europe for many years
Two main types:
intensive (thicker growth medium required for larger plants)
extensive (thinner, lighter growth medium required for smaller plants) -
this one is more popular
Sopravert is Sarnafils European green
roof system. It maintains that the green
roof also helps to buffer from the effects
of sound as well as weather, and
controls/delays runoff from heavy rain.
Mountain Equipment Coop, Toronto:
This environmentally conscious retailer has chosen to use green
building practices on their buildings.
Vancouver Public Library:
The green roof on VPL is not accessible to the public (has no guard rails at the
edge) and is planted with grasses. The idea being to reduce urban heat island
while providing a nice view for taller buildings adjacent
YMCA Environmental Learning Centre:
This building illustrates the ability to install a green roof in a
sloped situation
Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver:
Green Roof Benefits:
Planting reduces urban heat island effects
planting can be used to absorb rain water and
decrease water that must be processed by the
urban storm sewer system
visually pleasing
additional insulation
Green Roof Drawbacks:
Why not do a green roof?
Additional first expense
additional structure required to support roof
plants must be hardy and not need watering
(over the long term)
watering essential during the first 2 or so years
until roots become established
Roof and membrane failures are the most often
litigated parts of a building
good detailing is paramount
never use materials or systems that have not
been approved or tested by a reputable agency
THANK YOU!!!
http://www.powershow.com/view/1278a-
ZjE2Z/Roofing_Materials_flash_ppt_presentation

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Roof Covering

Can be installed in THREE positions:

BELOW the deck

Flat Roof: Insulation and Membrane Position

New concept offering major advantages:

THREE PRIMARY TYPES:

conventional (bituminous built up roofing or

commonly known as vinyl

COLD APPLIED LIQUID COMPOUNDS

POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOF WITH

used primarily for domes, vaults and complex

These requirements apply to conditions during

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