HARRISON B. ROJAS.RC.

LLB
TERMS TO PONDER:
1. Drug
2. Drug Interaction
3. Drug Abuse
4. Drug Addiction
5. Drug Dependence
6. Pusher
7. Drug syndicate
8. Manufacture
9. Cultivate
10. Self Medication syndrome
11. Toxicology
TYPES OF DRUGS:
1. Prohibited Drugs

2. Prescriptive Drugs

3. Over the counter drugs

TOXICOLOGY: Dangerous
effects of drugs:
1. Overdose too much of a drug is taken

2. Allergy - some drugs cause the release of histamine

3. Idiosyncrasy individual reaction to a drug for an

unexplained reasons. (maniacal behavior)

4. Poisonous Property being protoplasmatic poisons

5. Side effects some drugs are not receptors for one

organ but receptors of other organs as well.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF
DRUGS:
How Drug Works?
-Drugs act within a cell rather than on a surface
of the cell or extra cellular fluids of the body.
The amount of drug in a dose can be describe as:
1.Minimal dose
2.Maximal dose
3.Toxic dose
4.Abusive dose
5.Lethal dose
How Drugs are
administered?
1. Oral

2. Injection

3. Inhalation

4. Topical

5. Iontophoresis
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND:
Holy Bible (the Book of Judges of the O.T.)
Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means of
a drug laced wine.
Romans used narcotics in the practice of oracles
and black magic during the ancient time.
Marijuana worlds oldest cultivated plants started
by the Incas of Peru.
Incas of Peru and Mexico use coca leaves during
religious ceremonies
Assyrians considered Marijuana as sacred tree.
Opium Poppy goes back about 7000 B.C.
cultivated and prepared by the Sumerians.
Hippocrates (5000 B.C.) prescribed the
juice of the white poppy plant to cure
many illnesses.
19th Century widespread of opium in China
- Opium trade between China and
Portuguese but took over by the British
and established the Opuim Trade Monopoly
through the British Indies Company.
- Opium War (1840)
Morphine discovered by Freiderich W. Seturner
- to cure opium addicts, named before
Morpheus God of Dream
Heroin to cure opium and morphine addicts,
named after the word hero due to its
impressive power.
- discovered by Alder Wright and known as
miracle drug.
Codeine to cure opium, morphine and heroin
addicts.
THE GLOBAL DRUG
SCENE:
Drug Trafficking known as illegal drug trade.
- It is a global market activity consisting of production,
distribution, packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive
substance. It includes smuggling across boarders, and
distribution within the demand country.
Mule Is a lower echelon criminals recruited by a smuggling
organization to cross a boarder carrying drugs.

Two primary means of distribution:

1. Hierarchy using own men
2. Hub - and spoke layout using gangs and localized
criminal organization.
Drug Syndicate:
- a group of organized and professional criminal with a formal
hierarchy of organization set in illicit drug trade.
- Also known as drug cartel.
- Colombian Medellin Cartel (1980) by Pablo Escobar
Gaviria, Jose Gonzalo and Ochoa Brothers
- Cali Cartel (1970) by Gilberto Rogriguez Orejuela, Miguel
Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose Santacruz Londono and Helmer
Pacho Herrera.
* controlled 80% of cocaine exports from Colombia to
United States.
- Norte del Valle Cartel (North Valley Cartel) 1990, by
Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez
- Triad (Chinese known Mafia), Cosa Nostra (United
States), Octopus Napolitan Camura (Europe), Yakuza
(Japan), Sicilian Mafia (Italy).
WORLD WIDE OUTLOOK:
FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE:

Middle East discovery, plantation, cultivation

harvest.

Turkey preparation for distribution.

Europe manufacture, synthesis and refinement

United States marketing and distribution.

 SECOND MAJOR TRAFFIC ROUTE:
1.Golden Triangle Laos, Thailand and Myanmar
- Produced 60% of opium in the world and 90%
of opium in Eastern Asia.
- Source of Southeast Asian heroin

2. Golden Crescent Afghanistan, Pakistan,

Iran, India
- Major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and heroin
products in the Western Asia.
THE DANGEROUS
DRUGS:
- Refer to the broad categories or classes of
controlled substances, according to
pharmacological classifications, effects and as to
their criteria.

RA 9165 dangerous drugs include those listed in

the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs as amended by
the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to
the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic
Substances.
General Drug
Classification:
A. According to Effects:
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens
B. According to Medical Pharmacology
1. Depressants
2. Narcotics
3. Tranquilizers
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Solvents/Inhalants
C. According to Legal Categories (In accordance with RA 6425)
1. Prohibited Drugs
2. Regulated Drugs
3. Volatile substances (PD 1619)
UNODC Annual Report 2010:
Transnational Organized Crime

UNODC United Nation Office on Drugs and

Crime

- is spearheading regional and

transnational initiatives that strengthen the
rule of law, stability and development.
UNODC Concerned
Areas:
1. Organized crime and trafficking

2. Corruption

3. Criminal justice reform

4. Health and livelihoods

5. Terrorism prevention
UNODC regional programmes
(2009):
1. The East Asia and the Pacific regional
programme :

- reinforces the rule of law by focusing on

trafficking, governance and criminal justice;

- it supports health and development through

initiatives addressing drug demand reduction,
HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users, prisoners
and other vulnerable groups, and sustainable
livelihoods.
2. The East Africa regional programme :

- is based on three pillars:

- countering organized crime, trafficking and terrorism;

- fighting corruption and promoting justice and

integrity;
- and improving health and human development.
3. The Central America and the Caribbean
programme:

- strengthens regional capacity to fight drugs,

crime and terrorism and all their attendant

problems, such as trafficking and gang
violence.
4. The South Eastern Europe regional
programme :

- focuses on three interlinked areas:

- serious crime and trafficking;

- integrity and criminal justice systems;

- and drug prevention and treatment, including HIV

prevention, treatment and care among drug users.

UNODC on HUMAN TRAFFICKING:
GLOBAL REPORT
1. 79% is sexual exploitation-the most common
purpose, 18% forced labour. Others are
underreported because they are largely invisible
such as; organ removal, child exploitation for
begging

2. 80-84% of the victims are women

3. Most trade in humans occurs at the national or

regional level. Though interregional is common

4. Africa most number of human trade

Blue Heart Campaign (2009):

- UNODC launched in order to encourage

involvement and inspire action to stop human
trafficking.
- Blue heart represents those who are
trafficked while reminding us the cool
heartedness of those buy and sell humans.
- The worlds first national blue heart campaign
was held in Mexico.
UNODC on Drug Trafficking:
-Most illicit drugs are sourced in conflict-ridden
regions in Asia and Latin America, where they
undermine development, damage the
environment and also fund and thus
perpetuate insurgency and, in some places,
terrorism.
West Africa:
- is a recent case in point, this region has become
a key transit hub for cocaine smuggled from Latin
America to serve a booming market in Europe.

- It is also a paradise for organized crime, offering

ideal conditions for trafficking contraband: a
strategic location, porous borders, weak
governance, widespread poverty and extensive
corruption.
Afghanistan:

- is the wellspring of the global opium trade,

accounting for 93 per cent of all opium poppy
cultivation.
- About 80 per cent of the drugs derived from
Afghan opium poppies are smuggled out by
transnational organized criminal groups through:

- the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan;

- the rest flow through Central Asia.

Central Asian Regional Information
and Coordination Centre (CARICC ):
Was launched by UNODC in the year 2009 in order to
promote cooperation among law enforcement
agencies in the region and enhance counter-narcotic
activities.
Headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan
serves as Central Asias main centre for intelligence
exchange and analysis, and coordination of joint
operations.
Members States include Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan Uzbekistan. Afghanistans involvement,
initially with observer status, is under consideration.
Triangular Initiative among
Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic
of Iran and Pakistan:

- developed by the UNODC to improve regional

cooperation in addressing:
- drug threat

- to foster intelligence sharing

- and carry out joint counter-narcotics

operations.
CARICC and Triangular Initiative - are part of
the UNODC-coordinated Rainbow Strategy to
counter the threat posed by opiates originating
in Afghanistan.

Rainbow Strategy - This strategy engages both

Afghanistan and neighbouring countries in
targeting internationally agreed priority areas,
including border management, precursor
chemicals, financial flows and drug abuse
prevention and treatment.
The CHINESE Opium
Epidemic:
- Considered as the largest substance abuse
problem the world has ever faced.
- And said to be the root of todays international
drug control system.
1909 first international drug conference in
Shanghai creating the International Opium
Commission.
International Opium Commission - gave rise to
the first international legal instrument dealing
with psychoactive substances The Hague
Opium Convention of 1912.
Geneva 1920 League of Nations is established
and became the custodian of Opium convention.

1961 - Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was

adopted
- it is the unification and simplification of the legal
agreements define under The Hague Opium
Convention of 1912.

2008 Is the milestone of International Drug Control

The Single Convention of
1961
define the
internationa
The 1971 Convention on l drug
Psychotropic Substances
control
The 1988 Convention system to
against Illicit Traffic in this day.
Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
UNODC Year 2009:
2009 - marks the 100 years since the first
International Drug Conference in the year
1909.

- UNODC launched an international drug

treatment and care initiative in partnership
with the World Health Organization (WHO)

- This is a landmark in the development of a

comprehensive, integrated health-based
approach to drug policy.
The UNODC-WHO Joint
Programme on drug
dependence treatment
- Aims to provide humane and
and accessible care to
greater numbers of people with drug dependence
care:
and drug-related diseases (particularly HIV/AIDS) in
low- and middle-income countries, resulting in their
rehabilitation and reintegration into society.

Treatnet - is a joint programme of UNODC and WHO.

- This is the international network of drug
dependence treatment and rehabilitation resource
centres that UNODC inaugurated in 2008 and
implemented in 2009.
Trend in Drug Treatment:

1. Africa and Oceania cannabis is the main

drug (Africa 63%, Australia and New Zealand
47%)

2. Asia and Europe opiates is the primary drug

3. North and South America cocaine dependent

4. Indication of the amphetamine type

stimulants dependents is worsening (Asia
18%, North America 18%, Oceania 20%).
Current Nature and Extent of Drugs
in the Philippines:
2008 National Household Survey:
1. the most vulnerable age groups were those
belonging to:
a. 20 29 years old
b. 10-19 years old
c. 30 39 years old
2. More single males continued their drug
taking behaviour.
3. In terms of age group and educational qualification,
current drug users were concentrated on age brackets
10-19 and 20-29. This could be taken to mean that
these age groups (elementary, high school and college
students) were the most vulnerable to drug abuse.
4. In terms of classification of current drug-user
respondents;
a. a large percentage was unemployed
b. employee in the private sector
c. out-of-school youth
d. students
5. As to type of drugs:
a. methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu)
b. cannabis (marijuana)
c. contact cement
6. With regards to age group by drug type,
shabu and marijuana were abused by those in
the age brackets of 10-19; 20-29, 30-49 and
50-59, while contact cement by those in the
10-19, 20-29 and 30-39 age groups.
7. In terms of frequency of drug usage, a large
percentage of current drug-user respondents
abused shabu , marijuana and contact cement
on a weekly basis.
8. The common route of administration or uses
of drugs as claimed by current users were:
a. shabu by sniffing/inhalation
b. marijuana, through smoking/inhalation
c. contact cement by sniffing.
9. The sources of drugs they abused mentioned
by current user-respondents were:
a. pushers
b. classmate/friends who is a pusher
c. from the drugs I am pushing
d. hardware (0.03%).
10. Reasons for first use of drugs given were;
a. curiosity
b. peer pressure
c. personal problems (family and marital).
11. Reasons for continued use;
a. peer influence
b. family personal and work-related problems
c. and family, personal and work-related
problems aggravated by peer influence.
12. Based on the results of the survey it was
estimated that there could be 1,715, 854*
current drug users or 2.5% of the 2008
projected *Filipino population aged 10-64
years old.
Drug Trafficking in the
Philippines:
Drug Mule/Courier :
- are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a
huge amount of money, depending on the amount of drugs to be
delivered and the route/distance to be travelled.
- 710 Filipinos drug courier abroad were arrested and still increasing.
- More female Filipino drug couriers (about 63%) are being
exploited by drug trafficking syndicates.
Methods of Concealment of Arrested
Couriers Abroad:
1.Hidden in luggage/suitcases (38%)
2.Ingestion/Swallowing (29%)
3.Placed in shoes (7%)
4.Placed in bottom part of luggage (5%)
5.Placed inside handbag (4%)
6.Others (17%): Undergoing minor operation,
placing in shoeboxes/books/bottles/parcels, etc.
Drug Seized from Arrested Couriers in the
Philippines:

1. Shabu (81%)

2. Cocaine (18%)

3. Heroin (1%)
Factors contributing to the drug courier
problem:
1.Filipinos are usually enticed by the offer
because of the syndicates promise of
love/marriage, as have been recorded in
several arrests involving Filipina drug couriers.
2.Others are lured by the opportunity to travel
and the promise of a comfortable life
3.while others want a high-paying job and easy
money.
The drug courier problem can also be attributed
to the following factors:
1.The prevalence of poverty
2.Poor educational background
3.Easy money
4.Unemployment
5.The idea of travelling
Modus Operandi:
Couriers are usually recruited by casual acquaintances
connected to drug syndicates like the African Drug Syndicate
(ADS), offering plane tickets, hotel accommodation and huge
amounts of money.
members of syndicates befriend/marry potential recruit then
later turn him/her into a courier or cohort.
unwitting victims were duped by acquaintances into carrying
packages in exchange for money, not knowing that drugs were
placed inside.
Couriers may also be recruited through the internet and social
networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, Tagged, etc.
Syndicates also engage in travel & tours businesses/agencies to
arrange airline and hotel bookings of the couriers and use
fraudulent documents/fake credit cards.
African Drug
Syndicate (ADS):
- is believed to be behind the alarming increase of Filipino drug
couriers arrested abroad.
- They deliver drugs to their connections in different points
around the world by employing drug couriers to prevent the
risk of getting caught themselves. They also use Filipinos as
cohorts to recruit fellow OFWs.
- The ADS is an international syndicate involved in drug
trafficking and cyber crimes.
- They use stolen and/or falsified documents to go about with
their transaction (i.e. purchase of plane tickets, hotel bookings)
and usually communicate with their cohorts thru phone or the
internet. Members are proficient in English and well-versed,
very persistent and are generally friendly which makes them
recruit potential victims easily.
The Task Force Drug
Couriers (TFDC):
- was created on February 08, 2010 by virtue of
Administrative Order No. 279.
- It is an inter-agency team tasked in the
deterrence, prevention and protection of
Filipinos from being victimized as drug
couriers by international drug trafficking
syndicates.
TFDC 3-year Action Plan:
1. Prevention

2. Law Enforcement

3. Prosecution

4. Coordination.
Strategies to address the Drug
Problem:
The governments anti-drug strategies involve
five pillars of action patterned after the
ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations
in Response to Dangerous Drugs
(ACCORD).
FIVE PILLARS OF ACTION:

1. Drug Supply Reduction

- Taking away the drugs from the public, for the
purpose of abuse, through market denial
operations and prevention of diversion from
the licit to the illicit markets.
- Actions such as law enforcement,
regulatory compliance, and judicial and
legislative measures are designed to stop
the production, processing, trafficking,
financing, and retailing of dangerous drugs,
precursors and other essential chemicals.
2. Drug Demand Reduction
- The aim is to take away the people away from
abusing dangerous drugs and controlled
substances and reduce his or her desire to abuse
drugs.
- This is being done through:
formulation of policies in accordance with the new
dangerous drugs law;
development and implementation of preventive

education programs for different target groups;

adoption and utilization of effective treatment and

rehabilitation programs;
and the continuous conduct of research on vital

aspects of the drug abuse problem.

3. Alternative Development
- The aim is to reduce the production of
marijuana and eventually eliminate its
cultivation through sustainable rural
development and alternative livelihood
programs. Example: Sericulture or Silk
Production
4. Civic Awareness and Response
- The concept is to promote public awareness on
the evils of dangerous drugs, and to elicit social
response by advocating the non-use of dangerous
drugs through community outreach, observance
of special events, and production, publication
and distribution of campaign materials.
5. Regional and International Cooperation

- The intent is to forge and foster cooperation

with regional & international agencies and
counterparts from the ASEAN member
countries, USA, Japan, Canada, Australia,
European Union, Sri Lanka, Israel, and Taiwan
among others.
 The five pillars of action project a holistic
and balanced strategy which covers:
1.strengthening the rule of law
2.enhancing control measures
3.establishing proactive advocacy
4.consensus-building of solutions to the drug
menace
5.establishing sustainable alternative development
6.and ensuring adequate exchange of drug data.
UNODC on Worldwide
Corruption:
FACTS:
Estimate cost of corruption is about 5% of the
global gross domestic product
Corruption accounts for 10% of doing
business globally and as much as 25% of the
cost of procurement contracts globally.
Some countries lost 25% of their internal
revenue due to corruption
The United Nations Convention against
Corruption

- is the first legally binding global anti-

corruption instrument.

- met in Doha in November 2009 to take stock

of global progress in implementation and
consider ways to step up international efforts
to prevent and fight corruption.
UNODC on Money
Laundering:
Money Laundering is a method used by
corrupt public officials, traffickers and other
criminals in order to sanitize their money. Thus,
it enables them to disguise the illegal origins of
their wealth, throw off suspicions of law
enforcement and erase any incriminating traces
of illegal activity.

- Terrorist networks use similar methods to

move money around to finance terrorist actions.