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    Ceramics

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    Anonymous uTC8ba
    This document discusses ceramic materials, including their properties, structures, imperfections, processing, and applications. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic compounds that are processed using heat. They are generally hard, strong in compression but brittle, and can withstand high temperatures. The document examines the crystalline and non-crystalline structures of ceramics like silicates and glasses. It also outlines common defects in ceramics and how they are processed into final products using forming and sintering methods. Ceramics have a wide variety of applications like bricks, insulators, medical devices, and refractories.

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    Ceramics

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous uTC8ba
    28 views25 pages
    This document discusses ceramic materials, including their properties, structures, imperfections, processing, and applications. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic compounds that are processed using heat. They are generally hard, strong in compression but brittle, and can withstand high temperatures. The document examines the crystalline and non-crystalline structures of ceramics like silicates and glasses. It also outlines common defects in ceramics and how they are processed into final products using forming and sintering methods. Ceramics have a wide variety of applications like bricks, insulators, medical devices, and refractories.

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    This document discusses ceramic materials, including their properties, structures, imperfections, processing, and applications. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic compounds that are processed using heat. They are generally hard, strong in compression but brittle, and can withstand high temperatures. The document examines the crystalline and non-crystalline structures of ceramics like silicates and glasses. It also outlines common defects in ceramics and how they are processed into final products using forming and sintering methods. Ceramics have a wide variety of applications like bricks, insulators, medical devices, and refractories.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views25 pages

    Ceramics

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous uTC8ba
    This document discusses ceramic materials, including their properties, structures, imperfections, processing, and applications. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic compounds that are processed using heat. They are generally hard, strong in compression but brittle, and can withstand high temperatures. The document examines the crystalline and non-crystalline structures of ceramics like silicates and glasses. It also outlines common defects in ceramics and how they are processed into final products using forming and sintering methods. Ceramics have a wide variety of applications like bricks, insulators, medical devices, and refractories.

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    Organic Materials

    Contents
    Ceramic Materials
    Crystalline Ceramic Structures and

    imperfections in it
    Silicate Structures
    Glasses and other non- crystalline ceramic

    materials
    Deformation and failures, Processing of

    Ceramics, Applications of ceramics


    Ceramics

    Those containing phases that are


    compounds of metallic & nonmetallic
    elements.
    Processing of earthly materials by heat.
    Inorganic, nonmetallic solids prepared by

    the action of heat & subsequent cooling.


    May contain ionic, covalent or both bonds.
    Properties
    In general ceramics share the following properties:
    Hard
    High compressive strength
    Able to withstand high temperatures
    Very good resistance to acidic or caustic environment

    But keep the following in mind:


    Brittle
    Weak tensional strength
    Weak flexural strength
    Weak resistance against shear stress
    Limited machinability
    Limited forming capabilities
    Limited bonding capabilities
    Building criteria for crystal str.
    Maintain neutrality
    Achieve closest packing
    Charge balance dictates chemical formula
    Condition for minimum energy implies max.

    attraction & min. repulsion.


    Impurity atoms
    As substitutional or interstitial solid solutions
    Substitutional ions substitute for ions of like

    type.
    Interstitial ions are small compared to host

    str.
    Solubility is higher if ion radii & charges

    match closely.
    Incorporation of ion with different charge

    state requires compensation by point


    defects.
    Silicate Structures
    Silicate=silicon + Oxygen, the two most
    abundant elements in earths crust. (rocks,
    soil, clay, sand)
    Basic building block: Si04
    Glasses

    Non crystalline(Amorphous) ceramic.


    Fused silica is Si02 to which no impurities

    have been added.


    Other common glasses contain impurity

    ions like Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, B3+


    Imperfections in ceramics
    Point defects
    Impurities

    Their formation is strongly affected by the condition


    of charge neutrality (creation of unbalanced charges
    requires the expenditure of a large amount of
    energy.)

    Charge neutral defects include the Frenkel and


    Schottky defects.
    AFrenkel-defectis a vacancy- interstitial pair of
    cations (placing large anions in an interstitial
    position requires a lot of energy in lattice distortion).
    ASchottky-defectis the a pair of nearby cation
    and anion vacancies.
    Sheet glass forming
    Deformation & failure
    Brittle fracture of ceramics limits
    applications.
    -occurs d/t unavoidable presence of
    microscopic flaws(micro cracks, internal
    pores, atm. contaminants) that result during
    cooling from melt.
    -Flaws cant be closely controlled in mfg, this
    leads to large variability in fracture strength .
    Compressive strength10 times Tensile strength
    Good structural materials under compression

    (bricks in houses, stone blocks in pyramids) but


    not in conditions of tensile stress.
    Plastic deformation in crystalline ceramics is by

    Slip, d/t the structure & strong local potentials.


    Very little deformation before fracture.
    Non crystalline ceramics like common glass

    deform by viscous flow. Viscocity decreases


    strongly with increase in temp.
    Processing of Ceramics
    Used to produce commercial products that are
    very diverse in size, shape, detail, complexity,
    material composition, structure & cost.
    Natural result of an increasing ability to refine,
    develop & Characterize ceramic materials.
    Application of heat upon processed clays & other
    natural raw materials to form a rigid product.
    Naturally occuring rocks & minerals as starting
    mtl must undergo special processing to control
    purity, particle size, size distribution &
    heterogenity.
    Chemically prepared powder/ Synthetic mtl .
    starting mtl
    Contd..
    Next step: Form ceramics particles to
    desired shape
    By addition of water and/or additives such

    as binders, followed by a shape forming


    process.
    Methods include Extrusion, slip casting,

    pressing, tape casting, injection moulding


    etc
    After this, undergo sintering(Heat

    treatment) to produce a finished product.


    Bricks
    High Voltage insulators,
    Spark plugs
    Biomedical applications
    Glass ceramics-optical
    equipment & fibre
    insulation
    Refractories
    Applications

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