K 12 Grade 11

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH
Second Semester
80 hours/sem
RESEARCH SKILLS
Reading
Observing Summarizing
Listening Organizing
Watching Writing
Choosing Presenting/co
mmunicating
Questioning
RESEARCH SKILLS
For each of the skills, give
yourself a grade on a scale of 1
(low) to 10 (high).

Which skills do you consider

yourself to be best at?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Searching for a theory, for

testing theory, for problem
solving
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

It means a problem was

identified and it needs solution
or improvement
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
A systematic controlled,
empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the
presumed relations among
natural phenomenon
(Kerlinger, 1973)
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Systematic collection and

interpretation of data to
illuminate, describe or explain
new facts and relationships
(Treece, 2002)
 WHY CONDUCT
RESEARCH?
(Importance of research in
daily life)
 EFFICIENCY AND
EFFECTIVENESS IN THE
PROFESSION
The primary reason for conducting
research is to foster optimum care
for life. The scientific profession
exists to provide service to society
based on accurate knowledge.
The scientific method is conceived
to be the most objective,
systematic way of obtaining these
knowledge.
 WORTH AND VALUE OF
RESEARCH TO
EDUCATION/PROFESSION
AND TO SOCIETY/LIFE
Scientific knowledge is
indispensable to mans survival,
Research helps professionals
deliver quality education services.
It provides proofs or evidences to
validate and justify the
professional existence in the
society.
IDENTIFYING,
IMPLEMENTING AND
EVALUATING EFFECTIVE
DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
IN LIFE
Scientific researches assess
individuals or groups plan of
actions as basis for accurate
inventions and decisions in
life.
 RESEARCH HAS THE
POTENTIAL FOR
PROVIDING QUALITY LIFE
It is concerned with the following
tasks:

The systematic study of problems or

phenomena, using the scientific
process of assessing, planning,
implementing and evaluating life.

Appropriateness of Technology use

 RESEARCH HAS THE
POTENTIAL FOR
PROVIDING QUALITY LIFE
Identifying interventions that can help
individuals respond to change

The initiation and assessment of

change as a result of new knowledge
or technology application.
REASONS FOR
CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
INFORMATION ON LIFE
SITUATIONS OR
CONDITIONS ABOUT
WHICH LITTLE
KNOWLEDGE IS
AVAILABLE
Identify research gap in
different areas
 PROVIDES SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE FROM
WHICH THEORIES
EMERGE AND DEVELOP
Consequently, theories derived
from research findings serves
as bases and guide to
scientific practice and future
researches.
 HELPS CORRECT,
CLARIFY AND VALIDATE
PERCEPTIONS
Knowledge is never absolute,
its value is either diminishing
or increasing depending on
the extent of its use. However,
this knowledge must be
continuously tested and
validated through research.
PROVIDES THEORETICAL
AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS
FOR SCIENTIFIC
PRACTICE
Research helps improve science
and technology practice, firms up
the credibility of ones profession;
defines the accountability of
scientific practice, and documents
the cost effectiveness of science
and technology.
 DEFINES THE
PARAMETERS OF
RESEARCH AND
IDENTIFIES ITS
BOUNDARIES
Research helps expand knowledge
and use of the technology process
in life situations. This consists of
assessment, planning actions or
intervention, evaluation and
documentation of life situations.
DOCUMENTS THE SOCIAL
RELEVANCE AND
EFFICACY OF SCIENTIFIC
PRACTICES TO PEOPLE
AND ENVIRONMENT
Research enables men to verify
the strengths and weaknesses of
certain modalities of education
and their implications in the
process of meeting the needs and
problems of people
 DESCRIBES THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PHENOMENON/
SITUATION ABOUT
WHICH LITTLE
KNOWLEDGE IS KNOWN
More issues and concerns about
technology, climate change, and
food security, and health care
arise as technology advances.
 PREDICTS PROBABLE
OUTCOMES OF
SCIENTIFIC DECISIONS IN
RELATION TO LIFE
COMFORT AND WELL-
BEING
Research makes it easy for
professionals to forecast the
effects or consequences of certain
actions and helps anticipate
shortfalls.
PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE
FOR PURPOSES OF
PROBLEM SOLVING AND
DECISION MAKING
Knowledge that relate to social,
economic, political, cultural and
technological phenomena may
have serious implications to life
and social practice as it is used in
deciding better ways of solving
problems.
 DEVELOPS AND
EVALUATES THEORIES
AND CONCEPTS, AND
PRACTICES THESE FOR
CLARITY AND VALIDITY
Research
OF helps knowledge
SCIENTIFIC grow
ACTIONS
and develop, determines its
significance in order to modify or
develop new ones, and or revise
these knowledge, based on
current research findings.
PREVENTS UNDESIRABLE
HUMAN REACTIONS

Research predicts outcome and

potential problems, hence it
requires the balancing of
phenomena that will generate
positive results and control
undesirable outcome
 DEVELOPS A
CONSIDERABLE DEGREE
OF CONFIDENCE
Professional undertakings are intended
to achieve desired men behaviors.
Adequate knowledge sustains self-
confidence that makes work easier
and lighter, unburdened with
uncertainties and doubtful
consequences of actions intended to
restore mens comfort and makes life
easier.
 GENERAL AND
SPECIFIC
PURPOSES OF
RESEARCH
Specifically, research aims to
do the following tasks:
DESCRIPTION
Research describes
phenomenon
Example
care. Refers to services rendered by
professional and non- professional
nursing personnel to respond to the
health needs and problems of
individuals, families, groups, and
communities, intended to bring comfort
and ease to clients.
 EXPLORATION
Research explores the
phenomenon
Example
What factors influence, affect or
relate to the adjustment of salary
increase among teachers?
 EXPLANATION
Research seeks
clarification of a
prevailing situation to
answer questions that
askExample
why a
phenomenon
Why occurred
does climate change occur?
 PREDICTION AND
CONTROL
Research anticipates
possible psychology and
physiological reactions
to nursing interventions
Example
Incidence of low performance in math
in young learners is expected to
increase with the millennium age
 CRITERIA FOR
CHOICE OF
RESEARCH
PROBLEMS
Significance of the Problem
Problem Research ability
Feasibility of the problem
Potentials of the Researchers
ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES AND
GUIDELINES FOR
RESEARCHERS
 INFORMED CONSENT

The participants must be fully

informed about the nature of
research, its purposes and
potential risk and benefits.
BENEFICENCE AND
NONMALEFICENCE
This is a fundamental ethical
principle in research, which
means, to do good and to
do no harm to study
participants.
 RESPECT FOR
HUMAN DIGNITY

The rights of the study

participants must be well
protected and respected.
 JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
Study participants deserve fair
and equitable treatment before,
during and after the study period.
The researcher should provide
equal chances in the selection
process, must comply with
agreements in regard to
procedures, techniques or benefits
due to participants.
 INTELLECTUAL
HONESTY AND
RESPECT
Giving
acknowledgment/recognition
or due respect to the
original/previous work of art.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
(Background of the
Study)
It is a brief statement of the origin of
the problem. It is an account
describing the circumstances which
suggested the research. It may
include a justification of the selection
of the study. It gives brief origin of the
problem.
 PARTS OF THE
INTRODUCTION

lead
rational
paragr body
e
aph
PARTS OF THE BODY
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

Core
Problem

Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3

Cause 1a
 THE COCONUT INDUSTRY OF LAGUNA

Coconut is one of the most important crops in Laguna covering 45% of the
cultivated land. Aside from producing 60% of countrys coconut oil
requirement, the coconut industry also provides direct or indirect
employment to almost one third of the countrys population (Bustos, 2002).

Despite the importance of the sector to the countrys economy, modernization of

the coconut industry has not taken place. Over the years, coconut
production continues to decline resulting to decreasing income of coconut
farmers and reduction in the local supply of fresh coconut and coconut oils.
Recently, export of coconut products were also disrupted.

The decline in yield is primarily due to failure of farmers to replace aging and
unproductive stand of palms with new varieties of coconut palms (Marcelo,
2010). These can be attributed to farmers low access to needed inputs as
well as their lack of technical skills in applying new varieties and farm inputs.
The low market price of coconut further tends to discourage farmers to plant
new coconut palms.

The present situation is further aggravated by the presence of a viral disease

called cadang- cadang or yellow mottle, which kills millions of coconut
trees each year. Majority of these affected coconuts are traditional varieties
 PROBLEM ANALYSIS
PRESENTED IN THE
INTRODUCTION
THE COCONUT INDUSTRY OF LAGUNA
Export of coconut
product were
disrupted
Declining income of Reduction of fresh
coconut farmers coconut & oil

DECLINING
COCONUT
PRODUCTION
Coconut increasingly
Farmers do not plant
affected by virus/
new coconut
disease
Farmers rarely Farmers
Farmers Market prices
apply plant have low
lack are not
protection access to
technical attractive to
needed farmers
skills
 CORRELATES OF SMOKING
It is for these reasons that the researchers would like to relate the factors that
may trigger smoking. The researchers would also like to arrest the onset of
smoking to help the parents at home and teachers in school identify young
smokers so as to prevent smoking at a specific age bracket. Thus, this
correlates of smoking.

Hurlock (1998) implied that young students often result to smoking when they are
not busy and preoccupied. Often times students experiment on new adventures.
They experiment and experience the sensual effects of smoking cigarette. Fifty
percent of the young smokers reported that they enjoyed smoking at the
beginning. However, when they realized the bad effects of smoking in their
bodies it is already difficult to evade in the system.

In the school students find their friends or peers. Some are good and some are bad.
Peer pressure is one factor that enhances vices among young students. It is also
noted that peer pressure could encourage smoking among young students
(Enriquez, 1999).

Getting hooked to smoking is a problem to most parents and teachers. Young

students are still ignorant of the effects of smoking to their health. Students feel
happy when they smoke with their friends however, sensitivity to smoke
becomes an allergy to the smoke. Burgers disease is one of the diseases caused
by smoking aside from lung cancer and eighty percent of the smokers are
reported that they suffer from sore throat (Lim, 2005)
 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MANGO INDUSTRY OF REGION 1

Mango is one of the most important crops in Pangasinan covering 45% of the
cultivated land. Aside from producing 60% of countrys mango requirement, the
mango industry also provides direct or indirect employment to almost one third
of the countrys population (Bustos, 2002; Mercado,2009).

Despite the importance of the sector to the countrys economy, modernization of

the mango industry has not taken place. Over the years, mango production
continues to decline resulting to decreasing income of mango farmers and
reduction in the local supply of fresh mango and mango products. Recently,
export of mango products were also disrupted (Aquino, 2013, de Vera, 2013)
and low production of its by products.

The decline in yield (TV Patrol May 23, 2013) is primarily due to failure of farmers to
replace aging and unproductive mango trees with new varieties of mango
(Marcelo, 2010). These can be attributed to farmers low access to needed
inputs as well as their lack of technical skills in applying new varieties, farm
inputs and development of products. The low market price of mango and its
varieties further tends to discourage farmers to plant new mango trees.

The present situation is further aggravated by the presence of a viral disease and
pests (Marcelo, 2010), which decrease mango yield each year. Majority of
these affected carabao and indian mango trees are traditional varieties as they
are less resistant to the virus and pests. Moreover, farmers rarely apply plant
protection measures and develop products from indian mangoes.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
PRESENTED IN THE
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MANGO
INTRODUCTION
INDUSTRY OF REGION 1
Export of mango
product were
disrupted
Declining income of Reduction of fresh
mango farmers mango

DECLINING
MANGO
PRODUCTION
Mango increasingly
Farmers do not plant
affected by virus/
new mango
disease
Farmers rarely Farmers Farmers Market prices
apply plant rarely apply lack are not
protection plant technical attractive to
protection skills farmers
Water is an essential resource and is a free commodity
which unknowingly is setting its price. Water quality is
an urgent issue even in developed nations of the world.
The study determined the microbiological qualities of
water supply from twenty deep wells of selected public
elementary schools of the third congressional district of
Pangasinan 1. The descriptive research design was used
and employed the use of standard laboratory procedure.
Statistical used are frequency counts, percentages,
Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U test, t-test and Pearson
Correlation. Findings revealed that total bacterial counts
is higher during dry season than during wet season.
There is a moderately positive correlation between total
bacterial counts and taste. During wet season water
with a taste of slightly bitter has a higher number of
total bacterial counts than that of slightly fishy or
tasteless. E. coli is not detected in the microbiological
THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
 The Problem
Introduction, Statement of the
Problem, Hypothesis, Scope and
Delimitation, Importance of the
RESEARC study, Definition of terms
H Review of related literature and
PROPOSA studies
L STAGE Methodology
Research design, Sampling,
Procedure, Instrument, Treatment of
Data

Data Collection

Presentation, Analysis,
Interpretation of Data

Summary, Conclusion,
Recommendation
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
vs.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Associated with Naturalistic inquiry
Associated with tradition
(reality is not a fixed entity but
(there is reality out there that can
rather a construction of individual
be studied and known)
participating in research)
Gathers narrative description as its
Gathers numerical values as its data
data
Investigates concepts, constructs Investigates phenomena and
and variables concepts
Uses deductive reasoning
Uses control (imposing condition so Use subjectivity that enriches the
that biases are minimized and analytical insights
validity and precision are
maximized)
Gather information, insights that
Gathers empirical evidence (from
lead to search for further evidence
objective reality collected through
(subjective)
senses)

Takes place both in natural as well

Takes place in the field
as in laboratory setting
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Descriptive research
Objective is accurate depiction
of the characteristics of a
person, situation or groups and
or frequency with which
certain phenomenon occurs.
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Correlational research
It expresses the
interrelationship among
variables of interest without
any active intervention by the
researcher.
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Quasi-experimental research
It is conducted to determine the
effects of treatment or
independent variables on the
dependent or outcome
variables. It lacks the control of
the design, sample or setting.
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Experimental research
It examines the cause and
effect relationship between
independent and dependent
variables under highly
controlled conditions.
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Phenomenological research
It is concerned with lived
experience of human. It is an
approach to thinking about
what life experiences of
people are like and what they
mean.
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Grounded theory research
It seeks to describe and
understand the key social
psychological and structural
processes that occur a social
setting. A major component is the
discovery of a core variable that
is central in explaining what is
going on in that social scene.
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Ethnographical research
The primary research tradition
within anthropology, which
provides a framework for studying
the meanings, patterns, and
experiences of a defined cultural
group in a holistic fashion.
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Historical research
It is a narrative description or
analysis of events that
occurred in the remote or
recent past.
 TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Case study
It is an in depth examination
and analysis of people or group
of people in relation to nursing
issues or problems that are
important to the client and the
researcher.
TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Field studies
These are natural
investigations done in the
community, such as in nursing
home, housing projects and
clinical wards.
OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO
Basic Research
PURPOSE
To widen the knowledge base
Formulation or refinement of
theory
For discovery of general
principles
 OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO
Applied Research
PURPOSE
To find solutions for existing
problems
Focuses on factors which can be
changed by intervention to
achieve a desired goal
For solving problems
 OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO
Exploratory Research
PURPOSE
begins with phenomenon of
interest then investigates the full
nature of the phenomenon, the
manner in which it is manifested
and the other factors to which it is
related
 OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE
Explanatory Research

The goal is to understand the

underpinnings of specific natural
phenomena and to explains
systematic relationships among
phenomena.
SUGGESTED TOPICS
any research gap you may identify
from previous studies conducted
that you may read
 information about the quality of HEIs, schools, review
centers as source for improved student/parent choice
the information system of schools to reach out to their
students
organizational capabilities of an institution
tracer studies, employment experience of graduates
profiling and typology of (schools, HEIs) in the following
__________
socio-economic profile of students in the public schools,
vendors, profile of labor force in different barangays
(learn to use secondary data from NSO, NEDA) any
competent agencies
evaluation of projects conducted in the school or any
agency
partnership between institutions and industries or
agencies in the community.
food security
poverty alleviation
effect of global warming on education sector
gender studies
 minorities
multilingual language instruction in the
classroom
multicultural classroom
mapping of reading programs of different
schools
evaluation of schools materials that may
encourage reading or any cognitive
development
multi-language teaching
childrens language development in a multi
language or multicultural environment
association of reading, language and play
childrens language development
educating children with special needs in
 trends in computer games, TV shows its
effects on reading and English
communication
development of standardized English test
or English proficiency test for First Year,
2nd, 3rd, 4th year.
employment status of ABE graduates
20______
effectiveness of mother tongue language
users in their English communication
culture in the farming community in ______
culture of drivers (or groups)
 Income and Expenditure pattern of employees
Profile of vendors in Bayambang
Business opportunities in Bayambang
Problems affecting socio economic progress
Factors behind the socio- economic growth of jobless
people
Commodity flow for priority products in
Reluctance of local entrepreneurs to tap the export
market
Determining the competitiveness of recreational
facilities in Pangasinan
Values and attitudes of students towards
entrepreneurship
Energy conservation measures in _________
Assessment of policy implementation of RA _________
(solid waste management)
 Role of community organizations in the
developmental progress
Educational institution and business
partnership in _____
Manpower and instructional capabilities of
PSU or (any SUC or private higher
education institution)
Assessment of impact of government
projects to job generation
Effectiveness of law enforcement of traffic
rules in Bayambang
Barangay budgetary allocations on basic
social services
Training needs analysis of different sectors
in Bayambang
Research is best
learned by doing it,
not copying it.
Remember:
You have not done
anything in research
unless you have
written and
communicated it.
 Research
improves the
quality of life