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    Chapter Three: Nuclear Measurements & Methods

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    Diyary Omar Kakil
    This chapter discusses nuclear measurements and methods. It describes how radiation is measured using both qualitative and quantitative devices, even though radiation cannot be seen. The two main measurements are of radiation activity and exposure. Activity is measured in Becquerels and describes how much radiation is emitted from a source. Exposure is measured in rads or grays and describes the amount of radiation absorbed. Different types of detectors are used depending on the radiation type, energy level, and required sensitivity. Common portable detectors include Geiger counters, sodium iodide detectors, and portable gamma spectrometers.

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    Chapter Three: Nuclear Measurements & Methods

    Uploaded by

    Diyary Omar Kakil
    18 views16 pages
    This chapter discusses nuclear measurements and methods. It describes how radiation is measured using both qualitative and quantitative devices, even though radiation cannot be seen. The two main measurements are of radiation activity and exposure. Activity is measured in Becquerels and describes how much radiation is emitted from a source. Exposure is measured in rads or grays and describes the amount of radiation absorbed. Different types of detectors are used depending on the radiation type, energy level, and required sensitivity. Common portable detectors include Geiger counters, sodium iodide detectors, and portable gamma spectrometers.

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    nuclear instrumentation physics

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    Chapter Three

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    This chapter discusses nuclear measurements and methods. It describes how radiation is measured using both qualitative and quantitative devices, even though radiation cannot be seen. The two main measurements are of radiation activity and exposure. Activity is measured in Becquerels and describes how much radiation is emitted from a source. Exposure is measured in rads or grays and describes the amount of radiation absorbed. Different types of detectors are used depending on the radiation type, energy level, and required sensitivity. Common portable detectors include Geiger counters, sodium iodide detectors, and portable gamma spectrometers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views16 pages

    Chapter Three: Nuclear Measurements & Methods

    Uploaded by

    Diyary Omar Kakil
    This chapter discusses nuclear measurements and methods. It describes how radiation is measured using both qualitative and quantitative devices, even though radiation cannot be seen. The two main measurements are of radiation activity and exposure. Activity is measured in Becquerels and describes how much radiation is emitted from a source. Exposure is measured in rads or grays and describes the amount of radiation absorbed. Different types of detectors are used depending on the radiation type, energy level, and required sensitivity. Common portable detectors include Geiger counters, sodium iodide detectors, and portable gamma spectrometers.

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    You are on page 1of 16

    Chapter Three:

    Nuclear Measurements &


    methods
    Nuclear Measurements & methods (INTRODUCTION)

    Radiation has no odor or property that allows it


    to be seen. However, there are many types of
    devices used to measure it. Some devices are
    qualitativethey simply tell you that radiation
    is present but dont tell youthe amount of
    radiation present or the amount of exposure
    you are receiving. Some are quantitativethey
    might indicate the rate of radiation exposure,
    the quantity, or both. Although there are many
    types of devices, the basic requirement for
    measurement is that the radiation must be able
    to interact with the detector.
    What is radiation?

    Radioactive materials consist of


    atoms that are unstable which
    means they undergo
    spontaneous transformation into
    more stable atoms. This process
    is called radioactive decay and is
    usually accompanied by the
    emission of charged particles
    and/or gamma rays.
    How is radiation measured?

    When trying to measure


    radiation there are two things
    being measured activity and
    exposure. Activity is how much
    radiation is coming out of
    something, while exposure
    measures the effects of that
    radiation on anything that
    absorbs it.
    Measuring radiation activity

    Radiation activity is measured in


    an international (SI) unit called a
    Becquerel (Bq). The Becquerel
    counts how many particles or
    photons (in the case of wave
    radiation) are emitted per
    second by a source. 1Bq = 1
    disintegration per second (a very
    small unit).
    Measuring radiation exposure

    Absorbed dose describes the amount


    of radiation absorbed by an object or
    person (that is, the amount of energy
    that radioactive sources deposit in
    materials through which they pass).
    The units for absorbed dose are the
    radiation absorbed dose (rad) and
    gray (Gy).
    How do you choose a
    detection device?

    Important considerations for


    choosing a particular type of
    detection device include the
    application,
    (1) The type of radiation,
    (2) The energy of the radiation. (3)
    The level of sensitivity needed.
    Handheld Radiation Survey Meters (HHRSMs)
    Are portable instruments used where radioactivity is
    suspected or known to be present in order to locate
    the source or to assess the radiation intensity. For
    example, HHRSMs might be used to screen a
    suspicious package or to confirm radiation detected
    by another type of instrument. In response missions,
    they can be used to determine the nature and extent
    of radioactive contamination, to delineate radiation
    protection zones, and to scan people for
    contamination. An HHRSM may be capable of
    measuring different types of radiation, such as
    gamma, beta, and alpha.
    All portable survey meters have certain components
    in common (Figure 2).
    The detector (or probe) produces electrical
    signals when exposed to radiation. It usually
    has a window through which the radiation can
    penetrate to the sensitive volume of the
    detector.
    Survey meters may display the exposure rate
    in roentgens per hour (R/h) and the
    contamination in counts per second (cps) or
    counts per minute (cpm). The conversion of
    count rate to activity of the source material,
    e.g., in units of becquerel (Bq) or curie (Ci),
    depends on the sensitivity of the individual
    detector, and a conversion factor must be
    applied.
    The speaker is an audible device
    connected to the radiation monitor. It
    may be located outside or inside the
    meter and may have its own battery.
    The speaker is in-line with the
    detector so each count produces a
    audible click on the speaker.
    There are many types of portable
    detectors like
    (1) Geiger counter
    (2) sodium iodide detector
    (3)Portable gamma spectrometers for
    identification of radioactive material:

    Are able to identify radioactive isotopes


    by analyzing the characteristic gamma
    emission spectra. The devices are often
    multipurpose (multitask) instruments
    able to detect different forms of
    radiation and perform a variety of
    functions; used to (1) search, (2) detect
    and (3) identify radioactive materials.

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