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    Decolonization and The Rise of New States

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    Decolonization occurred globally following World War II as nationalist movements grew and the costs of empire increased for European powers. Three main patterns of decolonization emerged: civil wars like in China, negotiated independence such as in India and Africa, and incomplete decolonization seen in places like Palestine and Algeria. In India, Gandhi led nonviolent resistance campaigns for independence which succeeded in 1947, though partition created an independent Pakistan and led to violence, displacement and over a million deaths. China transitioned from civil war to communist rule under Mao Zedong, whose policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had disastrous consequences before economic reforms were instituted after his death.

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    Decolonization and The Rise of New States

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    waleedrana786
    165 views65 pages
    Decolonization occurred globally following World War II as nationalist movements grew and the costs of empire increased for European powers. Three main patterns of decolonization emerged: civil wars like in China, negotiated independence such as in India and Africa, and incomplete decolonization seen in places like Palestine and Algeria. In India, Gandhi led nonviolent resistance campaigns for independence which succeeded in 1947, though partition created an independent Pakistan and led to violence, displacement and over a million deaths. China transitioned from civil war to communist rule under Mao Zedong, whose policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had disastrous consequences before economic reforms were instituted after his death.

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    Decolonization occurred globally following World War II as nationalist movements grew and the costs of empire increased for European powers. Three main patterns of decolonization emerged: civil wars like in China, negotiated independence such as in India and Africa, and incomplete decolonization seen in places like Palestine and Algeria. In India, Gandhi led nonviolent resistance campaigns for independence which succeeded in 1947, though partition created an independent Pakistan and led to violence, displacement and over a million deaths. China transitioned from civil war to communist rule under Mao Zedong, whose policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had disastrous consequences before economic reforms were instituted after his death.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    165 views65 pages

    Decolonization and The Rise of New States

    Uploaded by

    waleedrana786
    Decolonization occurred globally following World War II as nationalist movements grew and the costs of empire increased for European powers. Three main patterns of decolonization emerged: civil wars like in China, negotiated independence such as in India and Africa, and incomplete decolonization seen in places like Palestine and Algeria. In India, Gandhi led nonviolent resistance campaigns for independence which succeeded in 1947, though partition created an independent Pakistan and led to violence, displacement and over a million deaths. China transitioned from civil war to communist rule under Mao Zedong, whose policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had disastrous consequences before economic reforms were instituted after his death.

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    of 65

    Decolonization, Nationalism,

    and The Rise of New Nations

    The 20th Century


    Global Events Leading Up to
    Decolonization
    Imperialism

    Growing Nationalism

    World War I

    World War II

    Cold War
    How WWI?
    Promises of self-determination
    Use of colonial soldiers in trenches
    Locals filled posts left by colonial
    powers during war
    Financial strain on empire
    Treaty of Versailles
    How WWII?
    Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI
    and as a result of the global depression
    Costs of empire
    US support of anti-colonial liberation
    movements
    Atlantic Charter (1941) right of all people to
    choose the form of government under which
    they live
    Soviets condemned colonialism
    How the Cold War?
    Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist
    and socialist economies and agendas.
    Provided arms to those who sided with
    one or the other (proxy wars and arms
    races).
    Encouraged violent recourse for some
    as a result of the power politics of cold
    war competition.
    Process of Decolonization and
    Nation-Building
    Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
    Leaders used lessons in mass politicization
    and mass mobilization of 1920s and 1930s.
    Three patterns:
    1. Civil war (China)
    2. Negotiated independence (India and much of
    Africa)
    3. Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and
    Southern Africa, Vietnam)
    China
    Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920s and
    1930s conflict between the Communists (Mao
    Zedong) and the Guomindang (Chiang Kai-
    shek)
    During the war, CCP expanded peasant base,
    using appeals for women (health care, divorce
    rights, education access, graduated taxes,
    cooperative farming).
    Growth of party during the war in part through
    use of anti-Japanese propaganda.
    Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender.
    1949 Great Peoples Revolution- Mao; Nationalist
    leaders fled to Taiwan.
    Outline
    GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
    Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
    Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-
    1957)
    Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
    Recovery & growing elite division
    (1962-5)
    Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
    (1966-1976)
    Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
    Civil War (1946 1949)
    GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
    Chiang Kai-shek (President)
    CCP: Chinese Communist Party
    Mao Zedong
    War of Liberation
    Mao Zedong
    A revolution to remove 3 big
    mountains
    imperialism
    feudalism
    bureaucrat-capitalism
    A United Front of
    workers
    peasants
    petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie
    Peoples Republic of China
    1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
    Chairman: Mao Zedong
    5-Star Red Flag

    Republic of China
    government retreated to
    Taiwan
    Economic Reconstruction 1950s
    Soviet Union model and assistance
    land reform (eliminate landlord class)
    heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
    First National Peoples Congress (1954)
    PRC Constitution
    Zhou Enlai
    Premier
    Foreign Minister
    Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
    abandon the Soviet model of economic
    development
    Soviet scientific planning
    mass mobilization
    peoples communes
    Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
    unrealistic output targets
    industry
    agricultural and human disaster
    Growing Division (1962-1965)
    Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng
    Xiaoping
    charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
    Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
    Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
    commitment to revolution and class
    struggle
    power struggle to succeed Mao
    Phase I: the rise and fall of red guards
    Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
    Phase III: the rise and fall of the Gang
    of Four
    Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
    Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
    Purge of party cadres
    Liu Shaoqi and Deng
    Xiaoping
    Purge of intellectuals
    Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)
    the putative successor to Mao Zedong
    the cult of personality around Mao
    In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
    to assassinate Mao
    to flee to Soviet Union (9.13)
    9.13 eroded the credibility
    of the entire leadership
    of the Cultural Revolution
    Phase III: the Gang of Four
    1972 1976
    power struggle between
    the radical Gang of
    Four, led by Jiang Qing,
    Maos wife
    the moderates, led by
    Premier Zhou Enlai
    the fate of Deng
    Xiaoping
    Diplomatic Breakthrough
    1971, PRC became the representative
    of China in UN (replaced ROC)
    Diplomatic Breakthrough
    1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
    Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
    Turning point in Chinas postwar era
    Gang of Four were arrested
    End of the Cultural Revolution
    Maos legacies
    Reforms and Opening up
    The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central
    Committee in 1978
    Deng Xiaopings ascendancy
    economic modernization became focus
    US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979
    China since 1945
    Mao dies in 1976 and
    Deng Xiaoping comes to
    power.
    Deng institutes the Four
    Modernizations, which
    focuses on improving
    agriculture, industry,
    science and technology
    as well as defense.
    Deng was in power until
    his death in 1997
    Government in China Today
    Currently known as the
    Peoples Republic of
    China (PRC).
    It is a single-party
    socialist republic (one
    party, in favor of the
    working class)
    The Communist party
    holds power
    The current president is
    Hu Jianto
    Beijing is the capital city
    Review of Chinas Population
    Over 1.3 billion
    people (1/5 of the
    worlds population)
    56 recognized ethnic
    groups. The Han
    are the largest
    (92%)
    Large population
    can be attributed to
    Mao
    Population in China

    Efforts were made to


    limit the population
    Only 2 children per family
    law
    One Child Policy
    Policies did not work
    that well
    Rural families did not
    comply
    Males regarded more
    highly than females
    Negotiated Independence in India
    and Africa
    Independence with little bloodshed in
    India and much of colonial Africa in
    decades following World War II.
    Why? At what cost?
    India
    India and other Asian colonies were the first
    to establish independence movements.
    Western-educated minorities organized
    politically to bring about the end of
    modification of colonial regimes.
    Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi

    Passed English bar - lawyer for Indian merchants in South


    Africa.

    Gandhis answer to a spiritual theory of social action


    Satyagraha - soul force. A tactic using nonviolent
    resistance or civil disobedience.
    A Revolution in Indian politics
    Gandhis Satyagraha -
    What do you think? Wherein in courage
    required in blowing others to pieces
    from behind a cannon, or with a smiling
    face to approach a cannon and be
    blown to pieces?...Believe me that a
    man devoid of courage and manhood
    can never be a passive resister.
    Gandhi in India

    1915: back in India - Dressed in traditional clothing-


    crisscrossed India on third-class trains listening to
    common people to understand their plight.
    Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs & honors.
    The British Back Down
    1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated
    with him as an equal.
    1935 - Indian got a new constitution.
    1942- called on British to Quit India civil
    disorder campaign arrested & jailed.
    The Muslim League
    Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
    Feared Hindu domination of an independent India
    ruled by Congress Party.
    Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a
    nationalist issue.
    In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference
    that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims
    separate homelands Gandhi appalled victory of
    hate over love
    Independence But Partition
    Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but
    murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in
    1946 led to a delay.
    In the end...
    Indias last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979)
    proposed partition. Both sides agreed.

    One fifth of humanity gained independence on


    August 14th 1947.
    The Tragedy of Partition
    Massacres and mass expulsions.
    100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees
    Gandhi said What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but
    rivers of death.
    Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu
    fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu
    persecution of Muslims.
    Refugees
    Modern India
    Largest democracy in the world
    Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister for the next 17
    years
    Democracy, Unity, & Economic Modernization

    Challenges:
    Kashmir= years of conflict that continues today
    Cold War alignment= NON Alignment Movement
    Industrialization= slow but coming
    Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress
    Caste system
    Economic
    Womens rights
    Kashmir
    Border both India & Pakistan
    Hindu leader with large Muslim populations
    1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India
    fighting cont.d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by
    Pakistan 2/3 by India.
    1962- China seized part of Kashmir
    1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again
    Today: tensions continue and flare up intermittently
    Nehrus Family Rules
    1964 Nehru dies
    Congress Party left with no strong leader
    1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehrus
    daughter)
    1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office)
    Increased food/grain production
    Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an
    independent state
    1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations
    2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her
    1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with
    corruption
    1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near Madra
    Independence
    in Africa

    The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations


    Africa
    Nationalists composed
    of ex-servicemen, urban
    unemployed & under-
    employed, and the
    educated.
    Pan-Africanism (Marcus
    Garvey) and Negritude
    (Senghor)
    Senghor (Senegal) and
    Dubois (African-
    American)
    Africa
    1957, Gold Coast
    (renamed Ghana)
    independence, led by
    western- educated,
    Kwame Nkrumah.
    By 1963, all of British-
    ruled Africa, except
    Southern Rhodesia, was
    independent.
    Africa
    French-Ruled:
    Initially more resistant than the British.
    Encouraged closer French ties-
    assimilation, not autonomy.
    Not willing to go far enough in granting
    rights.
    With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had
    granted independence.
    Leopold Sedar Senghor
    Western educated
    Francophone
    intellectual from
    Senegal
    Poet who became
    first president of
    Senegal.
    Advocated
    democratic socialism
    and negritude.
    Leopold Sedar Senghor
    Negritude: validation of
    African culture and the
    African past by the Negritude
    poets. Recognized attributes
    of French culture but were
    not willing to be assimilated
    into Europe.
    "L'motion est ngre, la
    raision est hllne." (emotion
    is Negro, reason is Greek)
    "Negritude is the totality of
    the cultural values of the
    Black world."
    Violent & Incomplete Decolonization
    Presence of European immigrant groups
    impeded negotiations violence.
    Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern
    Africa
    Vietnams de-colonization complicated
    by Frances colonial ties and cold war
    politics.
    Middle East: Palestine & Israel
    Zionism
    1917 Balfour Declaration
    Immigration of Jews to Palestine
    European Holocaust
    Increase of migration
    1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and
    failed UN partition solution
    1948 establishment of Israel
    Regional conflicts->
    Kenya
    Presence of settlers
    prevented smooth
    transition of power.
    Kenya (20,000
    Europeans only) led to
    violent revolt.
    Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952,
    led by Kikuyus
    suppressed by British.
    1963 independence
    granted to black
    majority, led by
    Kenyatta.
    South Africa
    4 million white residents
    After 1901, denied civil rights to black
    population
    Strong economy, both mining &
    industry
    Black workers demanded change
    Afrikaner-dominated (white) National
    Party won 1948 election
    Apartheid
    South Africa
    Apartheid
    87% of land for whites;
    others classified by race
    No protests tolerated (African
    National Congress, Mandela,
    Sharpeville massacre 1960)
    Evoked international
    opposition
    1989, end of apartheid
    F. W. de Klerk
    1990s: black government elected
    1994, Nelson Mandela: 1st
    black president
    Vietnam
    French rule since 1880s rice,
    mining, and rubber exports
    Rise of foreign educated
    intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh)
    Formation of Viet Minh in
    1941
    Guerrilla War with France
    (1946-1954) (aided by China)
    Divided country in 1954
    (Geneva Conference) led to
    gradual US entry to contain
    communism.
    Vietnam
    Cold War stalemate
    Viet Cong
    Bombing campaign
    (President Johnson),
    ground troops in
    1965
    Until 1973Paris
    Peace Accords
    1975, last American
    troops leave
    Women as leaders in the movement
    Women fought alongside men in whatever
    capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt,
    China, Vietnam, India and elsewhere.
    China, 1942:
    The fighting record of our women does not
    permit us to believe that they will ever again
    allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a
    national enemy or by social reaction at home.
    Women given constitutional rights but social
    and economic equality rarely achieved in
    postcolonial developing nations.
    Fall of Empire: Fall out & Legacy
    Colonial
    footprint
    Problems of
    Transition
    Problems of
    Identity
    Challenges of Independence
    Ethnic disputes Population growth
    Dependent economies Resource depletion
    Growing debt Lack of middle class in
    Cultural dependence on some locales
    westreligious Education deficit and
    revivalism as backlash later, brain-drain.
    Widespread social Neo-colonialism through
    unrest economic debt.
    Military responses to
    restore order
    Conclusions
    Decolonization was sometimes a violent
    process- dependent in large part on how
    many settlers had come to the colony.
    In many parts of world, decolonization was
    not revolutionary. Power passed from one
    class of elites to another. Little economic and
    social reform occurred.
    Significant challenges faced independent
    nations.
    Western economic dominance of the global
    trade system continued unabated. WHY?

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