Introductin SDH PDH

INTRODUCTION PDH &
SDH
On Job Training July 2006

PT Indonesia Comnets Plus
Agenda
Pre SDH (PDH) Overhead and Payload

SDH Analysis
The SDH Frame Tributary Units
Frame Structure SDH Network
Protection
On Job Training, July 2006

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
2 Mbps
2 Mbps
8 Mbps 8 Mbps
34 Mbps 34 Mbps
140 Mbps

Multiplexing hierarchy
The PDH high capacity transmission

networks are based on a hierarchy of
digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
The basic building block is the primary
rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be
made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels.
This would then be multiplexed up to a
higher rate for high capacity transmisson.

Four signals at the primary rate can be
multiplexed up to the secondary rate,
E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate
of 139 Mb/s (E.4).
Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x
2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed
voice channels.

Developing networks
The plesynchronous multiplexing

technology, often called PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left
no room in the signal structures for
network management and maintenance
functions.
We are therefore left with no spare signal
capacity to provide improvements in the
signal transmission.
As networks developed inter-connection
became increasingly complex. It required
banks of multiplexers and large,
unreliable distribution frames.
It became clear that the original
standards, designed for point-to-point
links, were just not suitable.

Tributary access
We want to have easy access to an
individual tributary, in order that it may be
re-routed.
We cannot do this without having to
demultiplex the whole signal down to the
required tributary level.
Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they
then double because we have to re-
multiplex the signal back up again.

No commont standard
Before SDH there were no standards to ensure

that equipment from different vendors
interworked on the same system.
Vendors can have their own unique designs
which means we have to buy the same
vendors equipment for both ends of the line.
Ideally we would like to shop around for the
most suitable equipment, without having to
keep to the same supplier.

What we need
Network operating companies have to

provide faster, cost effective provisioning
of customer circuits and services, as well
as control of transmission bandwidth.

SDH Definition
SDH is a standard for high speed high

capacity optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a
synchronous digital hierarchy.
It is a synchronous digital transport
system aimed at providing a more
simple, economic and flexible
telecommunications network
infrastructure.
Advantages of SDH
Designed for cost effective, flexible

telecoms networking based on direct
synchronous multiplexing.
Provides built-in signal capacity for
advanced network management and
maintenance capabilities.

Provides flexible signal transportation
capabilities designed for existing and
future signals.
Allows a single telecommunication
network infrastructure interconnects
network equipment from different
vendors

Where is SDH used ?
SDH can be used in all of the traditional

network application areas.
A single SDH network infrastructure is
therefore possible which provides an
efficient direct interconnection between
the three major telecommunication
networks.

Notes on SDH rates
The most common SDH line rates in use

today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps,
2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
SDH is a structure that is designed for
the future, ensuring that higher line rates
can be added when required.

SDH signal structure
The SDH signal is transported as a

synchronous structure which comprises
a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two
dimensional frame.
The Truck analogy is a popular way to
help us understand the contents of the
SDH frame.

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
TRUCK ANALOGY contd.
Regenerator
Section
OverHead
Section
Overhead
Virtual Container
Multiplexer Payload
Section
OverHead Payload
OverHead

The Payload
The contents of the container carried by

the truck represent the real value.
This Payload is analogous to customer
traffic, being carried by the container
within an SDH frame.
This Payload container supports the
transportation of spesific tributary
signals.

The Section Overhead
What actually gets the contentsof the truck

to its destination is the tractor unit.
This analogous to the network
maintenance and management capability
carried by the SDH frame, known as its
Section OverHead, or SOH.

The Section Overhead (SOH) provides
facilities that are required to support and
maintain the transportation of customer
traffic Safely across the network.
THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section
Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator
Section Overhead (RSOH).

The Virtual Container
Even if the container is loaded on to a

different truck, there is a portion of
overhead that always remains with it.
This is known as the Path OverHead, or
POH.
The Path Overhead is directly associated
with the payload capacity area, and
together they form whats known as the
Virtual Container.
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE
270 x N Columns
= 8 bits/byte
9 Rows
261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
signal frame transmission
The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit)
within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from
left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the
next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will
start

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
SDH Rate
ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all
levels in STM hierarchy
STM-1 Rate :
9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate :
9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 622 Mb/s

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
SDH
SDH
SDH
TERMINAL
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER
MULTIPLEXER
SDH DIGITAL
X-CONNECT
RSOH
MSOH RSOH
POH MSOH
RSOH
Multiplexer Section
Path
Regenerator Section

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
Path Trace message

Parity check
VC structure
Alarm & performance info
User channel
Multiframe indication for TUs
Path protection switching

11
OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD contd.
1 261
J1 1
B3
C2
G1
VC4 F2
H4
F3
K3
N1 9
J1 : Path Trace byte

B3: Path BIP8 Code
C2: Signal label byte
H4: TU position indicator byte
G1: Path status byte
K3: Spare byte
F2, F3: Path user channels
N1: Network operator byte bytes

SDH Multiplexing Structure
1 Mapping
STM-64 AUG-64
Aligning
4
1 Multiplexing
STM-16 AUG-16
4 Pointer processing
1
STM-4 AUG-4
4
1 1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s
1 34368 kbit/s
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3
7
TUG-2
Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

3

SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)
34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3 VC3
1 1 1
Rate P Next
34M Add POH
Adaptation O page
H
9 9
Packing 84 Mapping 1
1 85
125s 125s

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 261
3
1 1 H1 1
H1
H2
H2
H3
H3 P
Fill O
1st 3 R R
gap H
align
R
9 9 9
Aligning Stuffing Multiplexing Same as

for C4
Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three
34Mbit/s signals

2 Mbit/s to STM-N
C12 VC12 TU12

POH
1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1
Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation POH Pointer page
9 9 9
Packing 125s Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
7 R R
3
9 9
Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
as for
C3
Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2
3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3
= 63X2M Signals
Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure

The traffic shares the same
equipment and link
SDH Network protection B
Bidirectional Traffic Unidirectional Traffic
Traffic flow direction Traffic flow direction along the ring
along the ring a) Uniformly routed

Clockwise and counter-clockwise
Clockwise or counter-
clockwis
A
A
The traffic is on
The traffic shares the same
different equipment
equipment and link
and links
B
B

a) Uniformly routed T1516670-94
b) Diversely routed
Difference between Path and
Multiplex Section

1+1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS
protection system:
Concurrent sending is permanent bridging
Selective receiving is switching

1:N Linear MS Protection
Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection
A B
P
r
o
te
ct
i
ons
e
c
ti
on(
T
ra
ns
mi
t)
P
r
o
te
ct
i
ons
e
ct
i
on(
Re
ce
i
v
e)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
on1
(
T
ra
ns
m
it
)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
on1
(
Re
ce
i
v
e)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
on2
(
T
ra
ns
m
it
)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
on2
(
Re
ce
i
v
e)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
onN
(
T
ra
ns
m
it
)
W
o
r
k
in
gs
e
c
ti
onN
(
Re
ce
i
v
e)
B
r
i
dg
in
gS
el
e
cto
r S
e
l
ec
to
rB
r
id
g
in
g

1:1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS
protection system:
Traffic flow after protection switching
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
c
h
s
w
i
t
c
h
P
r
o
t
ec
t
i
o
n
T
U
t
r
a
ff
i
c T
U
t
r
a
ff
i
c

Two-fiber uni-directional path
protection ring
Protection switching mechanism:
Switching criteria
Transmission quality of each individual channel
Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
S1
P1
A
B D
switch
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring
Traffic flow when network is broken:
Working channels=1-N/2 AU4
Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4
B D

Protection channels PT Indonesia Comnets Plus
Working channels
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
APS controller:
Transition of APS controller status:
APS Controller Status I

I
S Switching
P Pass-through
I Idle
WTR Wait to Restore
I I
S P WT
P
R
S P
WTR P

Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex
Structure:
Four fibers
Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic
Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal

traffic

SubNetwork Connection
Protection
Description:
Protection one SubNetwork Connection
Can be adapted to all networks
1
2
3
W
o
r
k
i
ng S
u
b
-
n
et
w
or
k
S
N
C 1
S
NC
S
N
C
S
t
a
r
ti
n
g T
e
r
m
i
na
t
io
n
N
od
e N
o
d
e
S
e
l
e
ct
or
N
E
A P
r
o
t
ec
t
i
on N
E
B
S
NC
S
u
b
-
n
et
w
or
k
2
1
2
3
Protection
Normal condition for unidirectional SNCP:
Concurrent sending (transmit end)
Selective receiving (receive end)
Protection Protection
Working Working
Switch Bridge

Traffic out Traffic in
Switch Bridge
Protection Traffic out Traffic in
a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged

a) to working and protection paths
Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP:
a) Received traffic switch selects working channel
Concurrent sending (transmit end)
Selective receiving (receive end)
Protection Protection
Working Working
Failure
Switch Bridge
Traffic out Traffic in

b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic
a) Receiver switch selects protection path
Protection
Protection Restoration:
Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)
S1 S1
P1 P1
A A
B D B D
C C
switch


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INTRODUCTION PDH &

On Job Training July 2006

Pre SDH (PDH) Overhead and Payload

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

The PDH high capacity transmission

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

The plesynchronous multiplexing

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Before SDH there were no standards to ensure

On Job Training, July 2006

Network operating companies have to

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH is a standard for high speed high

Designed for cost effective, flexible

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH can be used in all of the traditional

On Job Training, July 2006

The most common SDH line rates in use

On Job Training, July 2006

The SDH signal is transported as a

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

The contents of the container carried by

On Job Training, July 2006

What actually gets the contentsof the truck

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Even if the container is loaded on to a

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Path Trace message

On Job Training, July 2006

J1 : Path Trace byte

On Job Training, July 2006

Go to glossary TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Aligning Stuffing Multiplexing Same as

On Job Training, July 2006

C12 VC12 TU12

Rate Add Add Next

Packing 125s Mapping Aligning TU-PTR

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH Network protection B

Bidirectional Traffic Unidirectional Traffic

Traffic flow direction Traffic flow direction along the ring

along the ring a) Uniformly routed

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006