We use the word rest very often.

For example, when someone is doing

no work or lying on the bed, we often say that the person is resting. This
means that the person is not moving. Scientifically as well, the word rest
has a similar meaning.
Scientifically, we say an object is at rest when the position of the object
does not change with time, with respect to its surroundings.
Similarly, motion is defined as the change of position of an object with
time, with respect to its surroundings.
Motion can be broadly classified into three main categories:

Translatory motion

Rotational motion

Periodic motion
 Translatory motion is the motion of a particle in a straight line. A bus
travelling on a straight road and an apple falling from a tree are
examples of this kind of motion.
 Rotational motion refers to the motion of a body around a fixed axis. A
spinning top, a bead moving on a circular track and Earths rotation are
examples of this kind of motion.
 Periodic motion refers to the motion that is repeated in a regular interval
of time. An oscillating spring and the motion of a planet around the sun
illustrate this type of motion.
The word linear means straight and the word motion means
change in position with respect to a frame of reference. So, a
body moving in a straight line with respect to a frame of
reference is said to be in linear motion. An example of this is the
motion of an ant on a straight wire.

Points to remember regarding linear motion:

*In linear motion, the object must move in a straight line.
*The motion of the object along the straight line may not be
uniform.
If a body covers equal distances along a straight line in regular intervals of time, then
the motion is said to be uniform.
Examples: A ball pushed in free space will continue to move uniformly, covering
equal distances in equal intervals of time along a straight path.
If an ant covers equal distances in equal intervals of time along a straight wire, its
motion is uniform.
If a body covers unequal distances in regular intervals of time, then the motion is
said to be non-uniform. Examples:-

The ball takes a curved path when thrown. Its direction of motion changes with time.
Also, it covers unequal distances in regular intervals of time. So, its motion is non-
uniform.

The ant is moving on a circular wire. It is travelling equal distances in equal intervals
of time, but its direction of motion is not constant. So, its motion is non-uniform.
 A physical quantity is any physical property that can be expressed in numbers.
For example, time is a physical quantity as it can be expressed in numbers, but
anger is not as it cannot be expressed in numbers.

Physical Quantities can be classified in into two types:-

-Scalar Quantities
-Vector Quantities
 If a physical quantity can be completely described only by its magnitude, then it is
a scalar quantity. To measure the mass of an object, we only have to know how
much matter is present in the object. Therefore, mass of an object is a physical
quantity that only requires magnitude to be expressed. Therefore, we say
that mass is a scalar quantity.
Some more examples of scalar quantities are time, area, volume, and energy.
We can add scalar quantities by simple arithmetic means.
It is difficult to plot scalar quantities on a graph.
 There are some physical quantities that cannot be completely described only by
their magnitudes. These physical quantities require direction along with
magnitude. For example, if we consider force, then along with the magnitude of
the force, we also have to know the direction along which the force is applied.
Therefore, to describe a force, we require both its magnitude and direction. This
type of physical quantity is called a vector quantity.
Some examples of vector quantities are velocity, force, weight, and displacement.
Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted by simple arithmetic means.
Vector quantities can easily be plotted on a graph.
 Distance-Distance is the length of the path or the path length
travelled by a body while moving from an initial position to a final
position.
It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is metre (m). Therefore, only
magnitude is important, not the direction of movement. (Implies
that path length can never be negative)
Displacement-Displacement is the shortest distance between the
initial and final positions of the body. It is a vector quantity. Its SI
unit is also metre (m).
In displacement, the direction of motion is always directed from the
initial position toward the final position.
 Speed is defined as the rate of distance covered by a body.
Mathematically, speed is given as:
speed =
It is a scalar quantity; that means no direction is required. (Implies that speed cannot
be negative)
Average Speed
A body travelling from one location to another might stop, slow down, speed up
or move at a constant speed.
The average speed of a body is defined as the total distance travelled divided by
the total time taken.
Mathematically, average speed is given as:-
 When we include the direction of motion with speed, we are talking of the
physical quantity called velocity. Thus, velocity is speed with direction. Velocity is
defined as the rate of change of displacement.
Velocity =
It is a vector quantity. Therefore, direction of movement is important. (Implies
that velocity contains algebraic sign)
Average Velocity- A body moving from one point to another may change its
velocity a number of times, but it will have an average velocity of its journey.
Average velocity of a body is defined as the net displacement divided by the total
time of travel. It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is m/s and it can be positive,
negative or zero
Average velocity=
 Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
It is a vector quantity and its direction is given by the direction of the force
causing the acceleration. Mathematically, acceleration is given as: Accelerations=
Change in velocity

Suppose the velocity of a car is u at time t1. Later, at time t2, its velocity becomes v.
Change in velocity = (v u), time interval = t2 t1
 Uniform Acceleration- If the rate of change of velocity remains constant, then the
acceleration is uniform. Examples of uniform acceleration include a ball under
free fall, a ball rolling on an inclined plane and a car accelerating on a straight,
traffic-free road.
Non-Uniform Acceleration- If the rate of change of velocity changes with time,
then the acceleration is non-uniform. An example of non-uniform acceleration is
a car accelerating on a straight road with traffic.
The first equation of motion is v=u + at. It gives the velocity acquired by a body in
time t.
Consider a body having initial velocity u. Suppose it is subjected to a uniform
acceleration a so that after time t its final velocity becomes v. Now, from the
definition of acceleration we know that;
> Acceleration = Change in velocity

> Acceleration = Final velocity Initial velocity

> a=v-u
> at=v - u
> v=u + at
 The second equation of motion is s=ut + 1at. It gives

the distance traveled by a body in time t.

Consider a body having initial velocity u and a uniform acceleration
a for time t so that its final velocity becomes v. .Let the distance
traveled by the body in this time s. The distance travelled by a
moving body in time t can be found out by considering its average
velocity. Since the initial velocity of the body is u and its final;
velocity is v ,the average velocity is given by:
> Average velocity=Initial velocity+ final velocity

> Average velocity=u + v

Distance travelled= average velocity x Time
> S=(u + v) x t .(1)

From the first equation of motion we have ,v=u + at. Putting the value of v in
equation (1), we get
> S=(u+ u+ at) x t

> S=2ut+ at2

> S= ut+1at2
The third equation of motion is v=u+2as. It gives
the velocity acquired by a body in traveling a distance s
Consider a body having initial velocity u and a uniform acceleration
a for time t so that its final velocity becomes v. .Let the distance
traveled by the body in this time s. The distance travelled by a
moving body in time t can be found out by considering its average
velocity. Since the initial velocity of the body is u and its final;
velocity is v ,the average velocity is given by:
The third equation of motion can be obtained by eliminating t
between the first two equation of motion.
From second equation of motion we have;
S=ut+1at
..(1)
And from the first equation of motion we have;
> v=u + at
This can be rearranged and written as
> at=v - u
> t=v - u

Putting the value of tin equation (1)we get;

> S=u (v-a)+ 1a(v-u/a)

> S=2uv-2u+v+u-2uv
> V=u+2as
 A body is said to be in circular motion when it rotates about a fix point.

In circular motion, the velocity can never be constant, but the speed of the moving
body can be constant.
A body moving in a circular path at a constant speed is said to be in uniform
circular motion.
In Uniform Circular motion, the object in one revolution moves 2 r in T seconds
 1). An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for
32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground. Determine the
distance traveled before takeoff.
2). A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a
time of 5.21 seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the
acceleration of the car.
3). Upton Chuck is riding the Giant Drop at Great America. If
Upton free falls for 2.6 seconds, what will be his final velocity
and how far will he fall?
 4). A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1
m/s in 2.47 seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car
and the distance traveled.
5). A feather is dropped on the moon from a height of 1.40
meters. The acceleration of gravity on the
moon is 1.67 m/s2. Determine the time for the feather to fall
to the surface of the moon.
6). Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response
to acceleration. If a rocket-powered sled is
accelerated to a speed of 444 m/s in 1.8 seconds, then what is
the acceleration and what is the distance that the sled
travels?
 7). A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10
m/s over a distance of 35.4 m. Determine
the acceleration of the bike.
8.) An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. Of the
planes that will use the airport, the lowest
acceleration rate is likely to be 3 m/s2. The takeoff speed for
this plane will be 65 m/s. Assuming this
minimum acceleration, what is the minimum allowed length
for the runway?
9). A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s.
Determine the skidding distance of the car
(assume uniform acceleration).
 10). A kangaroo is capable of jumping to a height of 2.62 m.
Determine the takeoff speed of the
kangaroo.
11). If Michael Jordan has a vertical leap of 1.29 m, then what
is his takeoff speed and his hang time
(total time to move upwards to the peak and then return to
the ground)?
12). A bullet leaves a rifle with a muzzle velocity of 521 m/s.
While accelerating through the barrel of the rifle, the bullet
moves a distance of 0.840 m. Determine the acceleration of
the bullet (assume a
uniform acceleration).
13). A baseball is popped straight up into the air and has a hang-time
of 6.25 s. Determine the height to
which the ball rises before it reaches its peak. (Hint: the time to rise to
the peak is one-half the total
hang-time.)
14). The observation deck of tall skyscraper 370 m above the street.
Determine the time required for a
penny to free fall from the deck to the street below.
15). A bullet is moving at a speed of 367 m/s when it embeds into a
lump of moist clay. The bullet
penetrates for a distance of 0.0621 m. Determine the acceleration of the
bullet while moving into the
clay. (Assume a uniform acceleration.)
 1) . d = 1720 m
2) a = 8.10 m/ s2
3) V = -25.5 m/s (- indicates direction)
4) a = 11.2 m/s2 , d = 79.8 m
5) t = 1.29 s
6) a = 247 m/s2
7) d = 400 m
8) a = 0.712 m/s2
9) d = 704 m
10) d = 28.6 m
11) vi = 7.17 m/s
12) vi = 5.03 m/s
13) hang time = 1.03 s
14) a = 1.62*105 m /s2
15) vi = 30.6 m/s , d = 47.9 m
Prepared by
Bhavya
9 th 24