CH 3 Stoichiometry

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry:
Calculations with Chemical
Formulas and Equations
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

each element in a molecule
Coefficients tell the number of Stoichiometry
molecules
Combination Reactions
Two or
more
substances
react to
form one
product
Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) C3H6Br2 (l) Stoichiometry
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)

2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
Stoichiometry
Decomposition Reactions
One substance
breaks down into
two or more
substances
Examples:
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Stoichiometry
2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
Combustion Reactions
Rapid reactions
that produce a
flame
Most often
involve
hydrocarbons
Examples: reacting with
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) oxygen
CO2 (g) + 2 H2Oin(g)the airStoichiometry
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Formula Weight (FW)
Sum of the atomic weights for the
atoms in a chemical formula
So, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
These are generally reported for ionic
compounds
Stoichiometry
Molecular Weight (MW)
Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms

in a molecule
For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the mass

of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using
this equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% element = x 100
(FW of the compound)
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane

is
(2)(12.0 amu)
%C =
(30.0 amu)
24.0 amu
= x 100
30.0 amu
= 80.0%
Stoichiometry
Avogadros Number
6.02 x 1023
1 mole of 12C has a
mass of 12 g
Stoichiometry
Molar Mass
By definition, these are the mass of 1

mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol)
The molar mass of an element is the mass
number for the element that we find on the
periodic table
The formula weight (in amus) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in g/mol)
Stoichiometry
Using Moles
Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale

to the real-world scale
Stoichiometry
Mole Relationships
One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadros number of those particles
One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadros number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
One can calculate the empirical formula from

the percent composition
Stoichiometry
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have

seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometry
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x 1 mol
= 5.105 mol C
12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
Stoichiometry
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometry
Combustion Analysis
Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely

analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this
C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced
H is determined from the mass of H2O produced
O is determined by difference after the C and H have been
determined
Stoichiometry
Elemental Analyses
Compounds
containing other
elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous
to those used for C,
H and O
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the balanced equation give

the ratio of moles of reactants and products
Stoichiometry
From the mass of
Substance A you can
use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass
of Substance B
formed (if its a
product) or used (if
its a reactant)
Stoichiometry
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O Stoichiometry
and then turn the moles of water to grams

Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant

is the reactant
present in the
smallest
stoichiometric
amount
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in

the smallest stoichiometric amount
In other words, its the reactant youll run out of first (in
this case, the H2)
Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the

excess reagent
Stoichiometry
Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the amount of

product that can be made
In other words its the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem
This is different from the actual yield,
the amount one actually produces and
measures
Stoichiometry
Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually

obtained to the amount it was possible
to make
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Stoichiometry

CH 3 Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 3 Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 3 Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)

Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms

One can find the percentage of the mass

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

So the percentage of carbon in ethane

By definition, these are the mass of 1

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale

One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

One can calculate the empirical formula from

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely

The coefficients in the balanced equation give

Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6

and then turn the moles of water to grams

The limiting reactant

The limiting reactant is the reactant present in

In the example below, the O2 would be the

The theoretical yield is the amount of

A comparison of the amount actually

You might also like