PRESENTED BY

PRAMOD KUMAR
MSc 1st year
RAKCON
 DEFINITION
Life processes means the processes take
place in the human body which are needed
for the existence of life on Earth.
For example Digestion, respiration,
excretion, reproduction, etc.
 Movement MRS. NERG

Reproduction
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Respiration
Growth
 Movement occurs in both plants and animals.
In the case of animals, it often refers to a
change in location, as when a deer runs or a
bird flies. However, movement can also refer
to the motion of a single part of an organism.
Plants show movement when a leaf bud
opens or when a flower closes at night.
 All living things must produce offspring like
themselves in order for their species to
survive.
Plants produce seeds that give rise to new
plants of the same species.
Animals lay eggs or they have babies.
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all
known life; each individual organism exists as
the result of reproduction.
 Asexual reproduction, an organism can
reproduce without the involvement of another
organism.
Sexual reproduction is a biological
process that creates a new organism by
combining the genetic material of two
organisms in a process that starts
with meiosis, a specialized type of cell
division. Each of two parent organisms
contributes half of the offspring's genetic
makeup by creating haploid gametes.
 Spermatogenesis: is the process in male
gametes; spermatozoa are produced from
spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis
and meiosis. The initial cells in this pathway
are called spermatogonia, which yield primary
spermatocytes by mitosis.

Oogenesis: is the process by which the

female gametes, or ova, are created. The
female gamete is called an ovum. The diploid
germ cells that have the potential to develop
into ova are called oogonia.
 Human fertilization is the union of a human
egg and sperm, usually occurring in the
ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of
this union is the production of a zygote cell,
or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal
development.
 All living organisms are sensitive, this means that
they have an awareness of changes in their
environment. Animals respond quickly to stimuli
such as heat, light, sound, touch and chemicals
which have taste and smell.
On the other hand plants generally appear less
sensitive and their response is slower. Plants
respond to light by moving their leaves towards it,
the flowers of some plants open in the morning
and close at night when it is dark.
 The ear is the organ of hearing and is also
involved in balance. It is supplied by the 8th
cranial nerve i.e. vestibulocochlear nerve,
which received stimulations caused by sound
waves.
The ear is divided into 3 distinct parts:

Outer ear-consists of the auricle (pinna) and

the auditory canal.
Middle ear (tympanic cavity)- this is an
irregular shaped air filled cavity within the
petrous portion of the temporal bone. This
part contains the auditory ossicles i.e.
malleus, incus and stapes.
Inner ear- the inner ear contains the organs
of hearing and balance.
 The eye is the organ of sight. It is situated in
the orbital cavity and supplied by the optic
nerve. There are 3 layers of tissues in the
walls of the eye:

The outer fibrous layer: sclera and cornea

The middle vascular layer or uveal tract:
consisting of the choroid, ciliary body and
iris.
The inner nervous tissue layer: retina
 The sense of taste, or gustation, is linked to
the sense of taste. Taste buds contain
sensory receptors that are found in the
papillae of the tongue and widely distributed
in the epithelia of the tongue, soft palate,
pharynx and epiglottis.
Four fundamental sensations of taste have
been described- sweet, sour, bitter and salt.
The sense of taste triggers salivation and the
secretion of gastric juices and helps in
digestion of food.
 Nutrition is needed for energy and growth, both
plants and animals need food.
Plants are able to make their own food by
photosynthesis. They use sunlight to turn simple
molecules like carbon dioxide and water into
more complex carbohydrate molecules.
Animals are unable to make their own food so
rely on other plants and other animals for their
nutrition. Animals take in complex substances
and break them down into small, simple, soluble
molecules which can be used for energy and
growth.
 Autotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in
which an organism prepares its own food is called
autotrophic nutrition. Green plants and blue-green
algae follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in
which an organism takes food from another
organism is called heterotrophic nutrition.
Organisms; other than green plants and blue-green
algae follow heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic nutrition can be divided into two
types:

Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition,

the digestion of food takes place before ingestion
of food. This type of nutrition is usually seen in
fungi and some other microorganisms. The
organism secretes digestive enzymes on the food
and then ingests the simple substances.
Saprophytes feed on dead materials and thus help
in decomposition dead remains of plants and
animals.
Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the
digestion of food follows after the ingestion of
food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body
of the organism.
Steps of Holozoic Nutrition
Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called
ingestion.
Digestion: The process of breaking complex food
substances into simple molecules is called digestion.
Simple molecules; thus obtained; can be absorbed by
the body.
Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food
is called absorption.
Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested
food; for energy, growth and repair is called
assimilation.
Egestion: The process of removing undigested food
from the body is called egestion.
 Human beings are complex animals; which have
a complex digestive system.
The human digestive system is composed of an
alimentary canal and some accessory glands.
The alimentary canal is divided into several
parts, viz. esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum and anus.
Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are the
accessory glands which lie outside the
alimentary canal.
 Removal of harmful waste from the body is
called excretion. Many wastes are produced
during various metabolic activities. These
need to be removed in time because their
accumulation in the body can be harmful and
even lethal for an organism.
The human excretory system is composed of
a pair of kidneys.
A tube; called ureter; comes out of each
kidney and goes to the urinary bladder.
Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from
where it is expelled out through urethra as
and when required.
 Kidney: Kidney is a bean-shaped organ
which lies near the vertebral column in
the abdominal cavity. The kidney is
composed of many filtering units;
called nephrons..

Nephron: Nephron is called the

functional unit of kidney .It is
composed of a tangled mess of tubes
and a filtering part; called glomerulus.
 Glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries
to which renal artery is attached. The artery
which takes blood to the glomerulus is called
afferent arteriole and the one receiving blood
from the glomerulus is called efferent
arteriole.
Glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like
portion; called Bowmans capsule. The
Bowmans capsule extends into a fine tube
which is highly coiled. Tubes from various
nephrons converge into collecting duct;
which finally goes to the ureter.
 Filtration happens because of very high
pressure inside the glomerulus.

The lumen of efferent arteriole is smaller than

that of afferent arteriole. Due to this, the
blood entering the glomerulus experiences
very high pressure and due to this, the waste
products are filtered out through the thin
membrane of capillaries in the glomerulus.
 The filtered blood is sent to the systemic
circulation through efferent arteriole and the
filtrate goes to the Bowmans capsule. That is
how urine is formed inside the kidneys.

Reabsorption of water and some other

filtrates takes place in the tubular part of the
nephron. This increases the concentration of
urine. The human urine is mainly composed
of water and urea.
 Respiration is the process of extracting
energy out of the food we eat. All living
things respire because they need energy to
grow, to replace worn out parts and to move.
Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of
the cell. There are two types of respiration,
with and without oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration is the process of
producing cellular energy without oxygen.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases
a large amount of energy.
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of
lungs. These are attached to a system of tubes which
open on the outside through the nostrils.
Following are the main structures in the human
respiratory system:
Nostrils: There two nostrils which converge to form a
nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined
by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion.
The mucus and the hairs help in filtering the dust
particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed
up when it enters the nasal passage.

Pharynx: It is a tube like structure which continues

after the nasal passage.

Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is

also called the voice box.
 Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage.
Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of
trachea in the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the
trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches
and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of
bronchioles. Alveolus is composed of a very thin
membrane and is the place where blood
capillaries open. This is alveolus; where oxygen
mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits
from the blood. The exchange of gases; in
alveoli; takes place due to pressure differential.
 The breathing mechanism of lungs is
controlled by the diaphragm and the
intercostal muscles.
Diaphragm is a membrane which separates
the thoracic chamber from the abdominal
cavity.
When diaphragm moves down, the lungs
expand and air is inhaled. When diaphragm
moves up, the lungs contract and air is
exhale.
3 distinct components is there.
Blood - fluid circulates in our body.
Blood vessels- tubes that help the blood to
circulate.
Heart - pumping organ that circulates the
blood around the body

Blood transports food, oxygen and waste

materials in our bodies.
 The heart is a muscular organ which is as big
as our fist. Because both oxygen (O2) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) have to be transported
by the blood, the heart has four chambers to
prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing
with the blood containing carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach
the lungs for the carbon dioxide to be
removed, and the oxygenated blood from the
lungs has to be brought back.
 The two largest veins of the body, the
superior and inferior vena cava, empty their
contents into the right atrium.
This blood passes via the right
atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle,
and from their it is pumped into the
pulmonary artery.
After leaving the heart the pulmonary artery
divides into the left and right pulmonary
arteries, which carry the venous blood to the
lungs were exchange takes place: carbon
dioxide is excreted and oxygen is absorbed.
 Two pulmonary veins from each lung carry
oxygenated blood back to the left atrium.
Blood then passes from the left
atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle,
and from there it is pumped into the aorta,
the first artery of the general circulation.
 All living organisms grow.
Plants continue growing throughout their
lives.
Animals stop growing once they reach
adulthood. Even when growth stops,
materials within an animals body are still
being replaced from its food.
For eg. Babies grow into adults.
Seedlings grow into plants.
 MRS NERG
Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Respiration
Growth