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    KP 1.2.1.5

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    1. Hormones bind to specific receptors on cells, forming a hormone-receptor complex. This complex then activates various intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in biochemical processes within the cell. 2. Signaling pathways can involve the activation of enzymes like kinases, G proteins, or ion channels. This ultimately increases the activity of enzymes, alters gene expression, or changes intracellular calcium and cyclic nucleotide levels. 3. Hormone signals are thus transmitted within the cell through phosphorylation cascades or by producing small messenger molecules like cAMP, cGMP, or IP3 that act as secondary messengers.

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    KP 1.2.1.5

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    20 views34 pages
    1. Hormones bind to specific receptors on cells, forming a hormone-receptor complex. This complex then activates various intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in biochemical processes within the cell. 2. Signaling pathways can involve the activation of enzymes like kinases, G proteins, or ion channels. This ultimately increases the activity of enzymes, alters gene expression, or changes intracellular calcium and cyclic nucleotide levels. 3. Hormone signals are thus transmitted within the cell through phosphorylation cascades or by producing small messenger molecules like cAMP, cGMP, or IP3 that act as secondary messengers.

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    1. Hormones bind to specific receptors on cells, forming a hormone-receptor complex. This complex then activates various intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in biochemical processes within the cell. 2. Signaling pathways can involve the activation of enzymes like kinases, G proteins, or ion channels. This ultimately increases the activity of enzymes, alters gene expression, or changes intracellular calcium and cyclic nucleotide levels. 3. Hormone signals are thus transmitted within the cell through phosphorylation cascades or by producing small messenger molecules like cAMP, cGMP, or IP3 that act as secondary messengers.

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    20 views34 pages

    KP 1.2.1.5

    Uploaded by

    Ledira
    1. Hormones bind to specific receptors on cells, forming a hormone-receptor complex. This complex then activates various intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in biochemical processes within the cell. 2. Signaling pathways can involve the activation of enzymes like kinases, G proteins, or ion channels. This ultimately increases the activity of enzymes, alters gene expression, or changes intracellular calcium and cyclic nucleotide levels. 3. Hormone signals are thus transmitted within the cell through phosphorylation cascades or by producing small messenger molecules like cAMP, cGMP, or IP3 that act as secondary messengers.

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    Mekanisme Kerja Hormon

    Hormone Action
    Efek primer pada sel ( ikatan hormon
    reseptor spesifik): hormonereceptor
    complex
    H-R complex effector system signal
    transducing mechanism biochemical
    process(es) pada sel
    Hydrophilic hormone
    Hydrophobic hormone
    intracellular receptor
    Steroid stimuli : genomic - non-genomic
    Complex activates a gene (transcription factor)
    DNA sequences :
    hormone response elements (HREs)
    Transmembrane Receptors

    Enzyme coupled receptors: Signal activates


    an enzyme activity of the receptor itself
    tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C.
    G-protein coupled receptors: Signal
    activates a G-protein that activates
    downstream enzymesmakes second
    messenger (cAMP or Ca2).
    Ion-channel coupled receptors: Signal
    activates an ion channel
    Effector systems
    Hormonereceptor complex:
    meningkatkan aktivitas
    enzim
    G-protein
    ion channel
    gene
    Hormonereceptor complex: meningkatkan
    aktivitas enzim protein kinase
    PROTEIN KINASES
    1. Transmembrane receptor kinases :
    tyrosine kinase
    ATP : phosphorylate specific tyrosine enzymatic
    (amplification step).
    2. serine/ threonine protein kinases
    ATP to phosphorylate specific serine or threonine.
    phosphorylation cascades :
    one kinase phosphorylates another MAP kinase
    kinase kinase. (mitogen-activated protein
    kinase that phosphorylates MAP kinase
    kinase)
    Stimuli for enzyme-linked receptors
    Tyrosin kinase
    .
    Membrane-bound phospholipase
    Hydrolisa: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)
    dua messenger ,
    inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
    diacylglycerol (DAG)
    Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and
    diacylglycerol
    Calcium
    Glycogen synthase: Otot Rangka
    Gomplex activates G-protein
    H-R complex: activates G-protein
    activates a membrane-bound enzyme
    (e.g. adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP
    to cyclic AMP).
    G-Protein
    structure of adenylyl cyclase (AC).
    Cyclic AMP
    cyclic AMP signalling
    Cyclic AMP cont.
    Cyclic GMP

    Cyclic GMP: berasal dari GTP dengan


    bantuan enzym guanylyl cyclase (activate
    : atrial natriuretic factor)
    NO and cyclic GMP signalling
    Referensi
    MURRAY, R. K., BENDER, D. A., BOTHAM, K. M., J, P.,
    KENNELLY, RODWELL, V. W. & WEIL, P. A. (2009) Harpers
    Illustrated Biochemistry, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
    VOET, D., G.VOET, J. & PRATT, C. W. (2008) FUNDAMENTALS OF
    Biochemistry :LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, John Wiley &
    Sons, Inc.
    KOOLMAN, J. & ROEHM, K.-H. (2005) Color Atlas of Biochemistry,
    New York, Thieme.
    JAIN, J. L., JAIN, S. & JAIN, N. (2005) FUNDAMENTALS OF
    BIOCHEMISTRY, NEW DELHI, S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
    Fry Mitchell, 2010 Essential biochemistry for medicine, Oxford, John
    Wiley & Sons Ltd
    Michal Gerhard and Dietmar Schomburg (ed), 2012, Biochemical
    Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second
    Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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