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    Phospholipasec, It Will Produce Ip

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    hamza jassar
    This document summarizes a physiology lecture about hormone receptors. It discusses three main types of receptors: 1) membrane receptors including ion channel, G protein, and enzyme-linked receptors and 2) nuclear receptors. It provides details on how different receptor types activate intracellular signaling pathways and lead to physiological responses. The lecture also addresses how cells can have different responses even when the same second messenger is involved, and that nuclear receptors typically have longer-lasting effects than membrane receptors.

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    Phospholipasec, It Will Produce Ip

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    hamza jassar
    210 views6 pages
    This document summarizes a physiology lecture about hormone receptors. It discusses three main types of receptors: 1) membrane receptors including ion channel, G protein, and enzyme-linked receptors and 2) nuclear receptors. It provides details on how different receptor types activate intracellular signaling pathways and lead to physiological responses. The lecture also addresses how cells can have different responses even when the same second messenger is involved, and that nuclear receptors typically have longer-lasting effects than membrane receptors.

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    physiology #24

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    This document summarizes a physiology lecture about hormone receptors. It discusses three main types of receptors: 1) membrane receptors including ion channel, G protein, and enzyme-linked receptors and 2) nuclear receptors. It provides details on how different receptor types activate intracellular signaling pathways and lead to physiological responses. The lecture also addresses how cells can have different responses even when the same second messenger is involved, and that nuclear receptors typically have longer-lasting effects than membrane receptors.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    210 views6 pages

    Phospholipasec, It Will Produce Ip

    Uploaded by

    hamza jassar
    This document summarizes a physiology lecture about hormone receptors. It discusses three main types of receptors: 1) membrane receptors including ion channel, G protein, and enzyme-linked receptors and 2) nuclear receptors. It provides details on how different receptor types activate intracellular signaling pathways and lead to physiological responses. The lecture also addresses how cells can have different responses even when the same second messenger is involved, and that nuclear receptors typically have longer-lasting effects than membrane receptors.

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    ‫بسم ﷲ الرحمن الرحيم‬

    Last physiology lecture Tuesday 5/8/2008 Dr. M.Sha3ban

    Types of hormone receptors :


    1. membrane receptors
    a- ion channel-linked hormone receptors
    b- G protein–linked hormone receptors
    c- Enzyme-linked hormone receptors

    2. nuclear (or intracellular) hormone receptors

    now lets talk about them in some details


    - ion channel receptors is mostly found in synaptic , for example when
    acetylcholine binds to its receptors on postsynaptic neuron it open Na+
    channels to allow entrance of sodium ions and make action potential.
    - In G protein we have 2 types; stimulating (Gs ) and inhibiting (Gi) and
    we have 2 different systems ; one to increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) ,
    another to change phospholipase to produce IP3 (inositol triphosphate)
    and DAG (diacylglycerol) .
    - Binding the hormone to 1st G protein system cause activation by
    changing it from binding to ADP to bind to ATP , this will stimulate
    certain enzyme called Adenylyl cyclase which produce cAMP which
    considered as 2nd messenger .
    - in 2nd G protein system there is no Anenylyl cyclase , instead there is
    phospholipaseC , it will produce IP3 and DAG which both are considered
    as 2nd messenger , these produce other hormones can increase Ca+ within
    the cell.

    Q: cell has receptors for different hormones like ACTH, ADH, and PTH
    which all affect same cAMP , then we have different functions, How the cell
    can recognize each function from its hormone although they all pass same
    cAMP ?
    A: there is more than one step in response to hormone , and it can modify the
    machinery , if we have X hormone receptor it can modify intracellular at
    these steps , while if we have Y hormone receptor it can modify another
    pathway so will alter the subsequence steps develop due to presence of
    different hormone with different receptors.
    - in kidney cells cAMP may lead to increase reapsorption of Ca+ , another
    cAMP lead to increase reapsorption of water , so same cAMP may lead
    to different functions due to different hormone receptors.
    - In enzyme-linked protein receptors we have 2 hormones as an example ;
    Insulin and Leptin.
    - Insulin receptors have 2 α subunits on outer surface, and 2 β subunits
    crossing cell membrane , when insulin bind to α subunits will stimulate
    β subunits , then activate tyrosine kinase which will stimulate many
    enzymes called IRS (insulin receptor substrates) , these IRS will do
    different functions as in figure .

    - When leptin bind to its receptor on outer surface of cell membrane , its
    enable phosphorylation and activation of intracellular associated JAK
    (janus kinase) system , this will stimulate STAT (signal transducer and
    activator of transcription) phosphorylation , which stimulate certain
    protein synthesis , phosphorylation of JAK also is lead to activation of
    certain enzymes , so at the end we may have producing of new proteins
    (enzymes) or activating existing ones .
    -Nucleonic hormone receptors .
    There is 3 types of hormones , one type is protein and polypeptide hormones
    which are water soluble and lipid insoluble so it can’t enter the cell , it has
    receptors on outer surface of membrane can goes different mechanisms as
    explained .
    Another 2 types are steroid hormones and amine hormones (tyrosine
    derivatives ) , these are lipid soluble so it can enter the cell and have
    receptors inside it or inside the nucleus , its also water insoluble so it bind to
    plasma proteins to move within the blood

    - Protein hormones can be stored in granules until it needed, but when


    secreted it stay for short time, steroids can’t be stored and last more time
    in blood, thyroxin can be stored and remain for long time.
    - Steroid hormones all are derived from cholesterol, so all have almost
    same structure of 5 fused rings , we have also vitamin D .
    - The most important hormone derived from tyrosine amino acid is
    Thyroxin, its secreted from thyroid gland, and composed of 2 amino
    acids one lost its side chain , and 4 iodine molecules , it has receptors
    inside the nucleus, it has many functions within the cell as shown.
    - Also epinephrine, norepinphrine, and dopamine are derived from
    tyrosine.

    - When these lipid soluble hormones reach the target cell it diffuse
    through cell membrane and bind to receptors which either found in
    cytoplasm or in nucleus itself , which form hormone-receptor complex in
    both.
    - Complex has criteria , certain binding site to the hormone and specific
    location to bind to chromosome at specific DNA , then cause unwinding
    DNA and transcription to produce more DNA or more mRNA, we care
    to mRNA, it go outside to produce proteins , we have 3 types of proteins;
    structural, enzymatic, and secretory proteins.
    - DNA process produce either secretion of proteins, or modification in the
    structure of the cell, or modification in the amount of the enzyme within
    the cell , that’s we called physiological response.

    Q: what about time factor, which take longer effect ; membrane hormone
    receptor or nucleus hormone receptor ?
    A: nucleus hormone receptor, because it take effect on DNA to produce
    mRNA then produce enzyme, but membrane hormone receptor activate (or
    inactivate) existing enzyme, or make modification on ion channels or
    increase membrane permeability.. all these functions take short time (may
    seconds or minutes) than nucleus hormone receptors (may take hours, days
    or even weeks).

    - Sometimes we have more than one hormone act on same mechanism, but
    in different levels , suppose we have 15 steps in pathway for example ;
    hormone A initiate step no. 1 and hormone B inhibit step no. 7 this will
    lead to inhibit the whole pathway of this hormone , but if hormone B
    increase its step we get more effect of hormone A and the whole process.
    - Although we talk about specific action for hormones but its not that
    specific, there is a lot of additional minor regulators almost we don’t
    know about it.
    Refer to Guyton pages 905-906,910-915,934-935,949-950,962-963.

    AND THAT’S IT ………………………………………………………….

    O ba7eb abarek L Bara2 Zghoul mn 2nd year bmonasabet a5oh jab 2nd 3la
    elmamlaka bel-tawjihi … 2lf mabrok.

    Have a good times , and good luck in finals.

    Basheer Zghoul

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