Hot Water Supply

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Hot water supply system is divided into many types depending
upon different criteria:
1. depending upon the type of water available:

a. direct supply
b. indirect supply
2. Depending upon the type of water heater and its layout:

a. central supply system
b. local supply system
3. Vented system
Unvented system
Direct supply system :
In the direct supply system the hot water from the boiler mixes
directly with the water in the cylinder.
The storage cylinder and associated pipe work should be well

insulated to reduce energy losses. water is normally heated with in a
boiler fired by oil or gas or electricity and circulated to a hot water
storage cylinder or clarifiers .
the difficulty with such system is that oxygen and scale formation
products are constantly began introduce to the system and cause
corrosion and scale formation.
an alternative to this system is

indirect system.
This system is advisable for soft water area

and is not applicable for `hard' waters,
typical of those extracted from boreholes into
chalk or limestone strata.
Indirect supply system:
It is similar in principle to the direct system except the water in that

from boiler is circulated through a coil in the storage vessel via the
primary flow and return.
This is a completely separate circuit and the water in this circuit does
not mix in any way with that drawn of from the storage vessel.
This circuit has its own vent pipe and also a separate small cold
water feed and expansion tank, from which a cold feed pipe to fill the
primary circuit is taken.
Heat is transferred from the water in the coil

to the water surrounding it in the storage
cylinder .
This system is used in `hard' water areas to

prevent scaling or `furring' of the boiler and
primary pipe work.
Direct supply system Indirect supply system
CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY-
IN THIS SYSTEM WATER IS HEATED AND STORED CENTRALLY FOR
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. THE CENTRAL SYSTEM IS GENERALLY
SUITABLE FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS HOTELS, OFFICES
AND FLATS etc. CENTRAL BOILER FIRED BY SOLID FUEL, OIL, GAS, OR
ELECTRICITY ARE USED TO HEAT WATER.
WATER IN BULK IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGH A STRAIGHT FORWARD

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION PIPE SYSTEM WITH SHORT DRAW OFF
BRANCHES LEADING TO TAPS TO SANITARY APPLIANCES ON EACH
FLOOR.
WATER IS HEATED AND STORED IN A CENTRAL CILENDER FROM

WHICH IT CIRCULATE AROUND A DISTRIBUTING PIPE SYSTEM IN
WHICH HOT WATER IS DRAWN.
THE STORAGE CILENDER CONTAINS HOT WATER SUFFICIENT FOR

BOTH ANTICIPATED PEAK DEMAND AND DEMANDS DURING THE
RECHARGE PLATE. THE SYSTEM HERE IS THERFORE DESIGN TO SUPPLY
HOT WATER ON DEMAND AT ALL TIMES.
DISADVANTAGE :
THE ONE DISADVANTAGE OF

THE SYSTEM IS THAT THERE IS
SOME LOSS OF HEAT FROM THE
DISTRIBUTING PIPES. NO
MATTER HOW ADEQUATED THEY
ARE INSULATED.
LOCAL HOT WATER SUPPLY-
THE LOCAL SYSTEM IS USED FOR LOCAL WASHING FACILITIES.
THE MAIN SOURCE OF FUEL ARE GAS AND ELECTRICITY.
A WATER HEATER ADJACENT TO THE FITTINGS TO BE SUPPLIED IS FIRED

BY GAS OR ELECTRICITY RUN TO THE SITE OF THE HEATER.
THE WATER EITHER HEATED AND STORED LOCALLY OR HEATED

INSTANTANIOUSLY AS IT FLOWS THROUGH THE HEATER.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM IS THAT

THERE IS A MINIMUM OF DISTRIBUTING
PIPE WORK.
THE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT THE

LOCAL HEATERSARE MORE EXPENCIVE
TO RUN AND MAINTAIN THAN ONE
CENTRAL SYSTEM.
INSULATION- TWO CONSERVE HEAT IT IS PRACTICE TO
INSULATE THE HOT WATER STORAGE CYLINDER..
CENTRAL WATER HEATING LOCAL WATER HEATING
SYSTEM- SYSTEM-
IN MULTISTORAGE BUILDINGS THE HOT WATER IS RUN FROM A
CENTRAL SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATER TO A SANITARY
STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION IS APPLIANCE OR GROUP OF
SIMILAR. APPLIANCES.
A CENTRAL BOILER HEATS WATER
WHICH IS STORED CENTRALLY AND IS
PUMPED THROUGH A SECONDARY LOCAL WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
CIRCULATION. ARE EMPLOYED WEHRE THE USER
BEARS THE COST OF HEATING AS
DRAWN OFF BRANCHES CONNECT TO IN RESIDENTIAL FLATS, WHERE
SANITARY APPLIANCES. THERE ARE ISOLATED GROUPS OF
IN EXTENSIVE AND TALL BUILDINGS SANITARY APPLIANCES.
THERE WILL BE APPRECIABLE LOSS OF
HEAT AND CONSEQUENT DROP ALONG
LONG RUNS OF SECONDARY
CIRCULATION PIPES HENCE IT IS
ADVISABLE TO USE TWO OR MORE
CYLINDER EACH HEATED BY PRIMARY
FLOW AND RETRN FROM THE BOILER
TO MAINTAIN THE REASONABLE HOT-
WATER TEMPERATURE THROUGHOUT
THE BUILDING.
WATER STORAGE TO MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS-
MAIN WATER IS SUPPLIED UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE HEAD OF WATER
FROM A RESERVOIR OR PUMPED HEAD OF WATER OR A COMBINATION
OF BOTH.
THE LEVEL TO WHICH MAINS WATER WILL RISE IN A BUILDING
DEPENDS ON THE LEVEL OF BUILDING RELATIVE TO THAT OF THE
RESERVOIR FROM WHICH THE MAINS WATER IS DRAWN OR RELATIVE
TO THE ARTIFICIAL HEAD OF WATER CREATED BY PUMPS.
MAINS PRESSURE WILL ISE LESS IN BUILDING ON HIGH GROUND THEN
TO ONE ON LOWER GROUND THAN TO ONE ON LOWER GROUND .
Pipe layout
Types ;
1 single pipe distributing system
2. Circulatory pipe system
Single pipe distributing system

With the single pipe drawn off system there is little circulation of
hot water in the pipes when water is not being drawn so that the
water looses heat. When taps are open to draw water, the cold water in
the pipe has been turn off before hot water can be drawn.
Where pipe length are short the discharge of cold water is slight
inconvenient and there is the small waste of water. With longer pipe
runs there is appreciable inconvenience in delay of waste water
before reasonable hot water is too hard.
In small building and local hot water
supply in large building where the sanitary
appliance are close to the hot water
sources, the single distributing pipe
system is economic in initial and running
cost.
Circulating pipe system
Where pipes run from hot water cylinder to sanitary appliance are
extensive and drawing of cold water would take an appreciable tie
with constant waste of water, a circulating pipe system is used.
Hot water circulate by gravity or pressure from pump around a

circulating pipe system from which hot water is drawn through single
pipes branches to sanitary appliance.
Once taps are opened and cold

water in the short branches run off,
than hot water is at hand.
The circulating pipe system is more

expensive in initial outlay and there is
a greater loss of heat because of
duplicate pipe runs.
DEAD LEGS OF PIPE
The single pipe distributing system and the short single pipe drawn
of branches to the circulating system, are described as dead legs of
pipe.
The single pipe runs are so described, as the water in them does
not circulate as soon as it cools and became dead.
To minimise waste of water resulting from running off this dead leg
of water, it is recommended that dead legs pipe should not exceed
12m for pipe not exceeding 20mm,
7.6m pipe not exceeding 25mm,
3m pipe not exceeding 25mm and
1m pipes serving spray taps.

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1. depending upon the type of water available:

2. Depending upon the type of water heater and its layout:

The storage cylinder and associated pipe work should be well

an alternative to this system is

This system is advisable for soft water area

It is similar in principle to the direct system except the water in that

Heat is transferred from the water in the coil

This system is used in `hard' water areas to

WATER IN BULK IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGH A STRAIGHT FORWARD

WATER IS HEATED AND STORED IN A CENTRAL CILENDER FROM

THE STORAGE CILENDER CONTAINS HOT WATER SUFFICIENT FOR

THE ONE DISADVANTAGE OF

A WATER HEATER ADJACENT TO THE FITTINGS TO BE SUPPLIED IS FIRED

THE WATER EITHER HEATED AND STORED LOCALLY OR HEATED

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM IS THAT

THE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT THE

Single pipe distributing system

Hot water circulate by gravity or pressure from pump around a

Once taps are opened and cold

The circulating pipe system is more

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