DC MOTOR

Construction and Operation

 DC Motor
A machine that converts electrical to
mechanical energy.
Based on the principle that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force. The direction of force is given by
flemings left hand rule.
 Flemings Left hand rule
When electric current passes through a coil in a
magnetic field, the magnetic force produces a
torque which turns the dc motor.
F = BIL
Where: F Force (N)
B Flux density (T)
I Current (A)
L Length of the conductor (m)
 Back or Counter EMF
When the armature of a dc motor rotates
under the influence of the driving torque, the
armature conductors move through the
magnetic field and an emf is induced in them.
The induced emf acts in opposite direction to
the applied voltage V and is known as back or
counter emf.
 Significance of Back emf
The presence of back emf makes the dc motor
self-regulating machine
It makes the motor to draw as much armature
current as sufficient to develop the torque
required by the load.
Back emf in a dc motor regulates the flow of
armature current, it automatically changes the
armature current to meet the load
requirement.
Speed Characteristics of a DC motor
 DC motor Types
Same as the generator types:
1) Shunt Wound Motor
2) Series wound Motor
3) Compound Wound Motor
- Long Shunt Wound Motor
- Short- Shunt Wound Motor
 Shunt Wound Motor
In shunt wound motor, the field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature.
Shunt field windings are designed to produce
the necessary m.m.f. by means of a relatively
large number of turns of wire having high
resistance.
Shunt Wound Motor
 Series Wound Motor
In series wound motor, the field winding is
connected in series with the armature.
A series field windings must be designed with
much fewer turns than shunt field windings
for the same mmf.
Therefore, a series winding has a relatively
small number of turns of thick wire and will
possesses a low resistance.
Series Wound Motor
 Long Shunt Compound Motor
When the shunt field winding is connected that
it shunts the series combination of armature
and series field.
Long Shunt Compound Motor
 Short Shunt Compound Motor
When the shunt field is directly connected
across the armature terminals.
Short Shunt Compound Motor
Examples
1) A dc motor takes an armature current of 110
A at 480 V. The armature circuit resistance is
0.2 ohms. The machine has 6 poles and the
armature is lap connected with 864
conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb.
Calculate the speed of the dc motor.
2) A 250 V, 4 pole, wave wound dc shunt motor
has 782 conductors on its armature. It has
armature and shunt field resistance of 0.75
ohms and 250 ohms. The motor takes an
armature current of 40 A. Calculate the speed if
it has a flux per pole of 25 mWb.
3) A 240 V shunt motor takes a total current of
30A. If the field winding resistance and armature
resistance are 150 ohms and 0.4 ohms
respectively, determine
a) The current in the armature
b) The back emf
c) Power developed by the motor
4) A Dc shunt motor has a full load rating of 15
hp, 230 V, 57.1 amperes, 1400 rpm. The
armature circuit resistance is 0.13 ohms and the
field circuit resistance is 115 ohms. Determine
a) Shunt field current
b) Armature current
c) Back emf
d) Power developed by the motor
e) Power input in watts
f) Power output in watts
 Torque Equation in a DC motor
Torque is the turning moment of a force about
an axis and is measured by the product of
force (F) and radius r at right angle to which
the force acts.
In dc motor, each conductor is acted upon by
circumferential force, F at a distance r.
 Speed of a DC motor
In a dc motor, speed is directly proportional to
back emf, (Eb) and inversely proportional to
flux
 Speed Regulation
The percentage rise in speed when the
mechanical load of the motor is removed.

% =

Where: NNL= no load speed of the motor
NFL= Full load speed of the motor
 Example
1) A 10 HP, 1750 rpm, 550 V shunt motor has an
armature resistance of 1.55 ohms. If the
armature takes 14.8 A at full load: Calculate
a) Counter emf developed by the motor
b) The power developed by the motor in watts
and in horsepower.
Assume a 5 V brush drop
2) A 220 V shunt motor has an armature
resistance of 0.32 ohm and a field resistance of
110 ohms. At no load, the armature current is 6
A and the speed is 1,800 rpm. Assume that the
flux does not vary with load and calculate
a) The speed of the motor when the rated line
current is 62 A.
b) The speed regulation of the motor
Assume a 2 V brush drop
3) A series motor has an armature resistance of
0.2 ohms and a series field resistance of 0.3
ohms. It is connected to a 240 V supply and at a
particular load runs at 24 rps when drawing 15 A
from the supply.
a) Determine the back emf at this load
b) Calculate the speed of the motor when the
load is changed such that the current is
increased to 30A. Assume that this causes a
doubling of the flux.
4) A 500 Hp, 600 V compound motor operates at
a speed of 495 rpm at full-load. If the flux per
pole is 9.1x106 maxwells and the armature
resistance is 0.015. Calculate
a) Counter emf
b) The armature current
Assume a value of k=1.3x10-7 and a brush drop
of 5 volts.
5. A 150 hp, 600 Volt, 1700 rpm shunt motor
takes a rated current of 205 A. The resistance of
the shunt field circuit is 240 ohms and the total
armature circuit resistance is 0.15 ohm.
Calculate the speed regulation of the motor.
6) When a motor is operating under load, the
armature takes 8,280 watts and its current is 36
A. If the armature circuit resistance including
brushes is 0.4 ohm, what horsepower is
developed by the motor?

7) A series motor develops 164 lb-ft of torque

when the current is 94 A, if the load increases
the current 50 percent with a flux increase of 20
percent, calculate the torque at the second
value of current.
8) A 15 Hp 440 Volt compound motor has a
shunt field resistance of 293 ohms and takes
28.5 Amp at rated load when it operates at
1,150 rpm. What will be the horsepower output
of the motor when its speed is 1,070 rpm, under
which condition it takes 34.5 Amp and the flux
increased by 10 per cent?
 Efficiency of the motor
- The efficiency of an electrical machine is the
ratio of the output power to the input power
and usually expressed as percentage.
- Denoted by the Greek letter (eta).

=( )100%

 Example
1) The output of a motor is 69.2 lb-ft when it
operates at 950 rpm. Calculate the losses in the
machine and its efficiency if, under this
condition, the power input is 10,900 watts.

2) The field and armature resistance of a 220 V

series motor are 0.2 and 0.1 ohms respectively.
The motor takes 30 A of current while running at
700 rpm. If the total iron and friction losses are
350 W. Determine the motor efficiency.
3) A long shunt compound motor takes a current
of 4.2 A from a 230 V sources. The motor
parameters are: Armature resistance = 0.1
ohms, series field resistance = 0.2 ohms, shunt
field resistance = 50 ohms. If the friction and
windage losses amount to 400 W, determine the
overall efficiency of the machine.
4) A 6-pole, 500 V wave connected shunt motor
has 1200 armature conductors and useful
flux/pole of 20mWb. The armature and field
resistance are 0.5 ohms and 250 ohms
respectively. What will be the motor efficiency
at this load when the motor draws 20 A from
the supply and if the magnetic and mechanical
losses amount to 900 W.
5) A shunt motor runs at 1100 rpm, at 230 V,
and draws a line current of 40 A. The various
losses are: core loss=200 W, friction and
windage loss=180W, electrical losses due to
brush contact= 37W, stray power loss=37W. The
armature and field resistances are 0.25 ohms
and 230 ohms respectively. Solve for the motor
efficiency.
6) A 15 Hp motor operates at an efficiency of
87.5 per cen at full load. If the stray power loss
is approximately one fourth of the total loss,
calculate the copper loss.
7)