The document discusses different techniques for line coding, which converts digital data to digital signals for transmission. It describes several approaches such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques covered include NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. The key parameters discussed for line coding techniques are the number of signal levels, bit versus baud rate, presence of DC components, signal spectrum, synchronization requirements, and implementation costs.
The document discusses different techniques for line coding, which converts digital data to digital signals for transmission. It describes several approaches such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques covered include NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. The key parameters discussed for line coding techniques are the number of signal levels, bit versus baud rate, presence of DC components, signal spectrum, synchronization requirements, and implementation costs.
The document discusses different techniques for line coding, which converts digital data to digital signals for transmission. It describes several approaches such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques covered include NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. The key parameters discussed for line coding techniques are the number of signal levels, bit versus baud rate, presence of DC components, signal spectrum, synchronization requirements, and implementation costs.
The document discusses different techniques for line coding, which converts digital data to digital signals for transmission. It describes several approaches such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques covered include NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. The key parameters discussed for line coding techniques are the number of signal levels, bit versus baud rate, presence of DC components, signal spectrum, synchronization requirements, and implementation costs.
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Line Coding
Jugul Kishor Line Coding The first approach converts digital data to digital signal, known as line coding, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig.1: Line coding to convert digital data to digital signal
Important parameters those characteristics line coding techniques are mentioned below. Line Coding No of signal levels: This refers to the number values allowed in a signal, known as signal levels, to represent data. Figure (a) shows two signal levels, whereas Fig. (b) shows three signal levels to represent binary data.
Fig. a Fig. b Bit rate versus Baud rate: The bit rate represents the number of bits sent per second, whereas the baud rate defines the number of signal elements per second in the signal. Depending on the encoding technique used, baud rate may be more than or less than the data rate. Line Coding DC components: After line coding, the signal may have zero frequency component in the spectrum of the signal, which is known as the direct-current (DC) component. DC component in a signal is not desirable because the DC component does not pass through some components of a communication system such as a transformer. This leads to distortion of the signal and may create error at the output. The DC component also results in unwanted energy loss on the line. Signal Spectrum: Different encoding of data leads to different spectrum of the signal. It is necessary to use suitable encoding technique to match with the medium so that the signal suffers minimum attenuation and distortion as it is transmitted through a medium. Synchronization: To interpret the received signal correctly, the bit interval of the receiver should be exactly same or within certain limit of that of the transmitter. Any mismatch between the two may lead wrong interpretation of the received signal. Usually, clock is generated and synchronized from the received signal with the help of a special hardware known as Phase Lock Loop (PLL). However, this can be achieved if the received signal is self- synchronizing having frequent transitions (preferably, a minimum of one transition per bit interval) in the signal. Line Coding Cost of Implementation: It is desirable to keep the encoding technique simple enough such that it does not incur high cost of implementation To interpret the received signal correctly, the bit interval of the receiver should be exactly same or within certain limit of that of the transmitter. Any mismatch between the two may lead wrong interpretation of the received signal. Usually, clock is generated and synchronized from the received signal with the help of a special hardware known as Phase Lock Loop (PLL). However, this can be achieved if the received signal is self-synchronizing having frequent transitions (preferably, a minimum of one transition per bit interval) in the signal. Line Coding Techniques Line coding techniques can be broadly divided into three broad categories: Unipolar, Polar and Bipolar, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig2. Three basic categories of line coding techniques
Line Coding Techniques Unipolar: In unipolar encoding technique, only two voltage levels are used. It uses only one polarity of voltage level as shown in Fig. 3. In this encoding approach, the bit rate same as data rate. Unfortunately, DC component present in the encoded signal and there is loss of synchronization for long sequences of 0s and 1s. It is simple Line Coding Techniques but obsolete.
Fig. 3. Unipolar encoding with two voltage levels
Line Coding Techniques Polar: Polar encoding technique uses two voltage levels one positive and the other one negative. Four different encoding schemes shown in Fig. 4 under this category discussed below:
Fig. 4 Encoding Schemes under polar category
Line Coding Techniques Non Return to zero (NRZ): The most common and easiest way to transmit digital signals is to use two different voltage levels for the two binary digits. Usually a negative voltage is used to represent one binary value and a positive voltage to represent the other. The data is encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the beginning of the bit time. As shown in the figure below, in NRZ encoding, the signal level remains same throughout the bit-period. There are two encoding schemes in NRZ: NRZ-L and NRZ-I, as shown in Fig. 6.
NRZ L 1 = low level NRZ I For each 1 in the bit sequence, the signal level is inverted. 0 = high level A transition from one voltage level to the other represents a 1.
Figure 6.NRZ encoding scheme
Line Coding Techniques The advantages of NRZ coding are: i. Detecting a transition in presence of noise is more reliable than to compare a value to a threshold. ii. NRZ codes are easy to engineer and it makes efficient use of bandwidth. The spectrum of the NRZ-L and NRZ-I signals are shown in Fig.7. It may be noted that most of the energy is concentrated between 0 and half the bit rate. The main limitations are the presence of a dc component and the lack of synchronization capability. When there is long sequence of 0s or 1s, the Fig.7. Spectrum of NRZ signals receiving side will fail to regenerate the clock and synchronization between the transmitter and receiver clocks will fail. Line Coding Techniques Return to Zero RZ: To ensure synchronization, there must be a signal transition in each bit as shown in Fig. 8. Key characteristics of the RZ coding are: Three levels Bit rate is double than that of data rate No dc component Good synchronization Main limitation is the increase in bandwidth Fig.8. RZ encoding technique Line Coding Techniques Biphase: To overcome the limitations of NRZ encoding, biphase encoding techniques can be adopted. Manchester and differential Manchester Coding are the two common Biphase techniques in use, as shown in Fig. 9 (a,b). In Manchester coding the mid-bit transition serves as a clocking mechanism and also as data. In the standard Manchester coding there is a transition at the middle of each bit period. A binary 1 corresponds to a low-to-high transition and a binary 0 to a high- to-low transition in the middle.
Fig.9(a). Manchester Encoding
Line Coding Techniques In Differential Manchester, inversion in the middle of each bit is used for synchronization. The encoding of a 0 is represented by the presence of a transition both at the beginning and at the middle and 1 is represented by a transition only in the middle of the bit period.
Fig.9 (b) Differential Manchester Encoding
Line Coding Techniques Key characteristics are: Two levels No DC component Good synchronization Higher bandwidth due to doubling of bit rate with respect to data rate The bandwidth required for biphase techniques are greater than that of NRZ techniques, but due to the predictable transition during each bit time, the receiver can synchronize properly on that transition. Biphase encoded signals have Fig.10. Frequency spectrum of the Manchester no DC components as shown in Fig. 10. A encoding techniques Manchester code is now very popular and has been specified for the IEEE 802.3 standard for base band coaxial cables and twisted pair CSMA/CD bus LANs. Line Coding Techniques Bipolar Encoding: Bipolar AMI use three voltage levels . Unlike RZ , the zero level is used to represent 0 and a binary 1s are represented by alternating positive and negative voltages, as shown in Fig 11.
Fig. 11. Bipolar AMI Signal
Scrambling: it is a process by which data is randomized. It is difficult to decipher a
scrambled data unless we do its reverse operation through unscrambling.
