CHEMICAL AGENTS

DETECTION
EQUIPMENT
BY
CAPTAIN SHAIFFUL NIZAM BIN ABDUL KHOLID

FROM
ARMY INSTITUTE OF FIELD ENGINEERING
 WITHOUT DETECTION EQUIPMENT,
THE RESPONDERS ARE JUST AS
EQUAL
AS A BLIND AND DEAF PERSON
TRYING TO CROSS THE HIGHWAY. HE
CANNOT SEE NOR HEAR THE
APPROCHING DANGER (VEHICLES), HE
CAN ONLY SMELL DEATH!!!
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

Challenges.

What are available to responders

Liquid detector.
Vapor detector.
Water testing kit.
 WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?

Ability to detect solid, liquid and

gaseous agents.

Wide range of compounds to detect.

Detection versus Identification.

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT
DETECTORS
Most are military devices

Most are available to civilian agencies

Not all provide expedient detection results

Most require training in their use

Results obtained should be interpreted by

skilled operators
WHAT ARE AVAILABLE
TO RESPONDERS
Liquid detector.

Vapor detector.
Wet chemistry.
Ion mobility spectrometry.
Flame Spectroscopy.

Water testing kit

Paper detector.
1 way (1 color).
3 way (3 colors).

Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM).

Light Chemical Detection (LCD).
GID-3
Chempro 100
AP4C or AP2C
Detector tubes
C 2 kit
KDTC
 LIQUID DETECTOR
DETECTOR PAPER

Detects liquid Nerve & Blister Agent.

Gross liquid detection only (not vapor).
Prone to false positive ( eg: some
petroleum product, some acids and
contaminated DS 2 solution).
Used during Initial Reconnaissance.
 PAPER DETECTOR SHOULD BE
WORN ON EXPOSE AREA DUE
TO:

Will detect the presence of any

CWA liquid.

Can be monitored easily.

 PAPER DETECTOR MUST BE
CHANGED FOR THE
FOLLOWING REASONS :

Once contaminated with chemical

agent.

Soak in water, POL or any

presence of dirt on it.

Every 24 hours.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
PAPER DETECTOR
Ineffective for vapour type.

No guarantee that liquid chemical

agent will be detected.

Need observation all the time.

Difficult to see at night.

TYPE OF DETECTOR PAPER

M8 detector paper - 3 way (3

colors).

M9 detector paper - 1 way (1

color).
M8 DETECTOR PAPER
Detect and identify G and V
nerve agents and H blister agents.
Identification is defined by the color
change of the paper.

It can come in either 25-sheet

booklets (with or without an adhesive
back) or in A4 sheet size with an
adhesive back.

In addition to the general

limitations already described, M8 paper
also has the following characteristics:
it is ineffective after two to
three weeks in sunlight, and
it gives false readings with
solvents.

M8 paper is used to check

suspected areas for contamination
during reconnaissance and survey, and
to check the completeness of
decontamination.
M9 DETECTOR PAPER
will detect the same agents as M8 paper,
however it will not distinguish between the
agents. The result is a color change to red for all
agents.

M9 paper has an adhesive back and is

issued on a roll.

more sensitive and faster reacting than

M8 paper, and is attached to IPE. It is also used
for reconnaissance and survey in conjunction
with M8 paper.
 VAPOUR
DETECTORS
ION MOBILITY SPECTOMETRY
Convert
molecules to
ions.
Results
compared to
stored data
Confirms
presence of
chemical
agent and
concentration
VAPOUR DETECTORS
Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM).
Light Chemical Detection (LCD).
GID-3.
Chempro 100.
AP4C or AP2C .
Detector tubes.
C 2 kit.
KDTC.
CHEMICAL AGENT MONITOR
(CAM)
 CAM is an operator controlled, point-
source hand held battery powered point
monitor.

It monitors for the presence of nerve and

blister agent vapours.

It determines the concentration of the

vapour, and then indicates the hazard by
displaying a number of bars on the liquid
crystal display.

CAM (Plus mode) detects Chlorine,

Phosgene & Hydrogen Cyanide (CAM 2 Plus
Mode)
G WAIT BL H
 COMMANDERS GUIDE EXPOSURE (H MODE)
BAR H MODE
SKIN EXPOSURE WITHOUT
RESPIRATOR

1 MAX 3 HOURS FOR 24

HOURS
MAX 1 HOURS FOR 24
HOURS

2
MAX 1 HOURS FOR 24
3 HOURS MAX 10 MINUTES FOR
24 HOURS

4
5
6 MAX 10 MINUTES FOR
24 HOURS
PROHIBITED TO
UNMASK

7
8 INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND
RESPIRATOR TO BE WORN AT ALL TIME
 COMMANDERS GUIDE EXPOSURE (G MODE)
BAR G MODE
SKIN EXPOSURE WITHOUT
RESPIRATOR

1 MAX 1 HOURS FOR 24

HOURS

2
BOTH OUTER AND MAX 10 MINUTES FOR
3 INNER GLOVES CAN
BE TAKEN OFF FOR
24 HOURS

4 DOING ANY TASK IF

ONLY THERE IS NO
EXISTANCE OF
5 CHEMICAL AGENT IN
LIQUID FORM PROHIBITED TO
6 UNMASK

7
8 INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND
RESPIRATOR TO BE WORN AT ALL
SAFETY
 Contain small quantity of radioactive
source.

However it is too small to have any

significant effect.

Proper storage and signage needed.

In case of fire, relevant department

should be notified.
 BATTERY
6V Battery LITHIUM SULFUR
DIOKSIDA

Contain hazardous gas emitted from

the electrode inside the CAM if leakage
take place.
 Normal Battery CAM Battery
6v 6v

Volts Volts

Time Time
16-18 Hrs 16-18 Hrs
MONITORING
TECHNIQUES
LIGHTWEIGHT
CHEMICAL
DETECTOR
 LIGHTWEIGHT CHEMICAL DETECTROR 3.2E LCD
MANUFACTURER: SMITH DETECTION, UK
FUNCTION: TO DETECT CHEMICAL AGENT VAPOUR

DETECTION CAPABILITY: NERVE,BLISTER,BLOOD, CHOCKING AND

SELECTED TICs

DETECTION PRINCIPLE: ION MOBILITY SPECTOMETRY

FIELD APPLICATION: PERSONAL AUDIBLE AND VISUAL ALARM

SURVEY CONFIRMATION MONITORING

POWER: 4 AA 1.5 VOLTS BATTERIES

VX & VXR CARBON DISULPHIDE
GA,B,GD,& GF DIBORANE
HD DIETHY METHYL PHOSPHONATE
L ETHYLENE OXIDE
HN3 FORMALDEHYDE (LIQUID)
AC NITRIC ACID
CK NITROGEN DIOXIDE
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE PHOSPHOROUS TRICHORIDE
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE THIONYL CHLORIDE
HYDROGEN FLORIDE BENZENE
HYDROGEN BROMIDE BORON TRICHLORIDE
CHLORINE BORON TRIFLORIDE
SULPHUR DIOXCIDE METHYL HYDRAZINE
PHOSGENE (2,2-THIODIETHANOL
PROPYLENE OXIDE (1,2-EPOXYPROPANE)
CHLOROPICRIN
2-CHLOROVINIYLARSONOUS ACIDNYL
DA (DIPHENYLCHLORIARSINE)
DC (DIPHENYLCYANOARSINE)
METHANOL
TRICHLOROETHANE
ACETIC ACID
DIMETHYLAMINE
STYRENE
 Detect and identify airborne Chemical
Warfare Agents (CWAs) and Toxic Industrial
Chemical (TICs)

Samples the air for gases and vapours

and uses non-radioactive Corona Discharge
Ion Mobility Spectrometry techniques
 Provide individual protection against
wide range of chemical warfare agents (CWA)
and TIC.
Detector and samples air only in the
immediate vicinity of the Rain Cap.
Constantly sampling the air to detect and
identify the CWA and with large library of TIC
data.
Blood, Choking, Blister & Nerve Agent.
Able to detect presence of TICs but not
identified.
 Hand held or operated whilst dressed in
protective clothing.
Samples the air continuously, for
simultaneously detection of all agents and
simulants.
Able to record reading up till 72 hours of
usage.
LCD runs on AA battery operated
continuously 40 hours.
Operate with an audible alarm and a clear
easy to read display giving detail agent type,
concentration and dosage.
GID 3
 GENERAL IMMOBILILISED
CHEMICAL DETECTOR 3
FUNCTION: (GID 3)
TO DETECT CHEMICAL AGENT VAPOUR

DETECTION CAPABILITY:
NERVE,BLISTER,BLOOD, CHOCKING AND
SELECTED TICs

DETECTION PRINCIPLE:
ION MOBILITY SPECTOMETRY
FIELD APPLICATION:
POINT DETECTOR FOR MONITORING
RECONNAISSANCE DETECTION ROLE FITTED TO
A VEHICLE
WARNING SYSTEM WHEN FITTED AS PART OF A
COLPRO
AREA DETECTOR WHEN NETWORKED

POWER:
24V LITHIUM SULPHUR DIOXIDE
BATTERY
 THE
DISPLAY
Safety -
Warnings

The equipment contains 2 radioactive sources within the drift

tube. If the drift tube is damaged or replacement is necessary
the equipment must be returned to vendor (OEM).
In the unlikely event that the drift tube is damaged such that
there is a potential radiation leak, place a 1-metre cordon
around the equipment and inform the relevant authority.
CHEMPRO 100
The ChemPro 100 chemical
detector is a handheld detector
for the field detection and
classification of Chemical
Warfare Agents (CWAs) and
selected Toxic Industrial
Chemicals (TICs).

The ChemPro 100 IMS detector

uses an array of detection
technologies to detect, classify
and measure chemicals.
 The ChemPro 100 can be loaded with many different lists of
CWAs and TIC called libraries. You can choose the appropriate
library according to the situation, even during the mission.
Some libraries include:

Chemical Warfare Agents, standard, are identified

by class:
Nerve: Taban, Sarin, Soman, Cyclo-Sarin, & VX.
Blister: Sulfur mustard & Lewisite.
Blood/choking agents: Hydrogen cyanide &
Cyanogen chloride.

Toxic Industrial Chemicals, standard: 12 TICs

including Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid,
ammonia, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine,
cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsine, ethylene
oxide, phosphorous trichloride.
INTERFERENCE
FOR IMS
DETECTOR
AROMATIC
VAPOURS
Perfume
Aftershave
Peppermints
CLEANING
FLUIDS

Disinfectants
Floor Polish
Barrier Cream
SMOKE AND FUMES
Rocket Motors,
Transient negligible
Munitions, Coax
guns
Tobacco
AP4C
 The AP4C is a Flame
Spectroscopy detector.

Flame Spectroscopy is used

for the analysis of
spectrochemical emissions.

A few milligrams of a sample

are usually enough to detect
present elements to the
extent of a few parts per
million or less.

Able to detect several atomic

species simultaneously,
without chemical
separations.
 AP4C detects compounds of Very sensitive to detect all G
phosphorus (such as all G, V agents (GA, GB, GD, GE, GF, VE,
agents: GA, GB, GD, GE, GF, VX, etc) even if the agent is not
VE, VX), compounds of pure or manufactured in poor
sulfur (such as H, HD, HL conditions.
agents, Arsenic compounds
(contained in L, SA, DM) and Detects agents in all forms:
other gases such as vapor aerosols droplets
Ammonia, Cyanogen dust agents and frozen agents.
chloride, Cyahydric Acid,
etc.
Capability to detect TICs: PH3,
PARATHION on P channel
Detects liquid agents spread PCl3, NH3, NOx on HNO channel
on most surfaces (VX, SO2, SF6, CS2, H2S, H2SO4 on
thicked SOMAN, HD at low S channel AsH3 on As channel.
temperatures. And hundred of others gases.
 VAPOUR DETECTOR
(WET CHEMISTRY)

C2 CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTOR

KIT

M256 A 1 - CHEMICAL AGENT

DETECTOR KIT
C2 KIT
 Designed for use by all personnel when operating in
a chemical environment.
One person with minimal familiarization training
easily operates it.
Detects Blister (ID H, HD, HL and CX), Blood (AC and
CK), Choking & Nerve
( ID G & V)
Collecting vapor of unidentified/unknown agent
samples
Monitoring ETA of downwind (vapor hazard)
Limitation : hand manipulation, full IPE required, full
color perception required
Best used in Initial Recon
 When using C2 Kit, follow the sequence
described on the instruction cards.
If all tests are negative but physiological or
physical evidence of the presence of an agent seems
to exist, collect samples in five white band detector
tubes and forward to the unit chemical officer.
Color changes that represent positive tests are
described for each test procedure.
No color change or a color change other than
that described is considered a negative test.
Degrees of color change, where indicated,
illustrate concentration level.
When testing at night, observe the NAVD and
detector tube colors under white light.
SEQUENCE OF TESTING
USING C2 KIT
PROCEDURE FOR UNKNOWN
CHEMICAL AGENT USING C2
KIT
 WARNING

The C2 Kit contains caustic

materials. Avoid skin and/or eye contact
with contents. Blue cap bottle contains
sodium hydroxide.

When using the C2 Kit, personnel

are to be in full IPE.
M256A1 Kit
Lewisite tablet Blood agent test spot

Blister agent
Test spot

Nerve agent test spot

Heater assembly
 Detects Nerve, Blood & Blister Agent
15 minutes for low concentration
Required training
Hand manipulation
Does not detect Choking agent
Must wear IPE to operate
Full color perception
During Initial Recon site
Used kit need to be disposed
as chemical waste
 Contains pocket-sized sampler-detectors to be
carried by individual personnel for convenient
determination of all-clear conditions following a toxic agent
attack.
All required reagents are contained in the sampler-
detector and are ready to use.
Formed channels in the plastic sheet of the sampler-
detector direct the flow from the ampoules to the test spots
when the ampoules are crushed for testing.
This unique design requires no actual handling of the
reagents or encased ampoules.
Safe/danger observations are printed on the back of
the sampler-detector, which show the color that each test
spot develops if agent is present.
The packet that contains the sampler-detector is
printed with general and operating instructions as an aid to
the user.
DETECTOR TUBES
DRAEGER CDS Tubes
Test Set 1 Tubes
Organic basic
nitrogen compound
Organic Arsenic
Compounds & Arsine
Hydrogen
cyanide (HCN)
Phosgene
Sulphur Mustard
DRAEGER CDS Tubes
Test Set V Tubes
Phosphoric Acid
Ester
Chlorine
Phosgene
Sulphur Mustard
Cyanogen
Chloride (CK)
 KWIK-DRAW DETECTOR TUBE PUMP
FUNCTION: TO DETECT HAZARDOUS GASES AND VAPORS

DETECTION CAPABILITY: WIDE RANGE OF CHEMICALS DEPEND ON DETECTOR TUBE

DETECTOR TYPE: DETECTOR TUBE

FIELD APPLICATION: SURVEY

AIR SAMPLING

POWER HAND SQUEEZE PUMP

WATER TESTING
KIT
ECLOX M RAPID RESPONSE WATER
TEST SYSTEM

FUNCTION:
TO CONDUCT COMPREHENSIVE FIELD
TEST ON WATER SAMPLE

TYPE OF TEST:
COLOR TEST
pH TEST
CHLORINE TEST
TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLUBLE (TDS) TEST
MUSTARD TEST
PESTICIDE TEST
ARSENIC TEST
TOXICITY/WATER PURITY TEST
(LUMINOMETER)

FIELD APPLICATION:
RAPID INDICATION OF WATER QUALITY
POLLUTION INCIDENT TRACKING
EMERGENCY POLLUTION RESPONSE KIT
QUESTION???