Animal

Nutrition
Presentation by:
Mary Charisse T. Lizaso
 Nutrition – the series of processes by which
an organism takes in and assimilates food for
promoting growth and replacing worn-out
injured tissues.
 Nutrient – any feed constituent, or a group
of feed constituents of the same general
chemical composition that aids in the
support of life.
• Digestion - breakdown of feed particles into
suitable products for absorption; may include:
mechanical forces, chemical action, enzyme
activity.
• Absorption – transfer of substance from gastro-
intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory ( Blood or
Lymph) system.
• Metabolism – combination of anabolic and
catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the
liberation of energy.
• Enzymes – a complex protein produced in living
cells that causes changes in other substances
within the body without being changed itself
(organic catalyst).
“Animal source foods can provide a variety
of micronutrients that are difficult to
obtain in adequate quantities from plant
source foods alone.”
 Water
a. Cheapest and most abundant
nutrient
b. Makes up to 65-85% of anima body
weight at birth and 45-60% of body
weight at maturity
c. Percentage of body water decreases
with animal age and has a inverse
relationship with body fat
d. Accounts for 90-95% of blood and
many tissues contain 70-90% water
e. Found in animal body
as:
1. Intracellular water –
mainly muscles in skin
2. Extracellular water –
mainly interstitial
fluids, blood plasma,
lymph, synovial and
cerebrospinal fluids.
3. Water present in
gastro-intestinal tract.
 Functions
1. Transport of animals
2. Chemical reactions and solvent properties
3. Body temperature regulation
4. Maintain shape of body cells
5. Lubricates and cushion joints and organs of
the body cavity.
1. Reduced feed intake and reduced
palatability
2. Weight loss due to dehydration
3. Increased secretions of nitrogen and
electrolites such as Na and K
a. Drinking water – consumption affected by
many factors
b. Water contained in or on feed – about 8 to
30 % water
c. Metabolic – may account for 5- 10% total
water intake
a. Urine
b. Feces
c. Vaporization from lungs
d. Sweat from the sweat glands
A. GENERAL
a. Made up of C (40%, H (7% and O (53%) by %
molecular weight
b. Include sugar, starch, cellulose , gums
c. Very little occurs as such in animal body
d. CHO make up approximately ¾ of plant dry
weight and thus the largest part of animals food
supply
e. Formed by photosynthesis in plants
f. Almost all come from plants-wheat, oats, barley
a. Structure consists of C atoms arranged in
chains to which and O are attached.
b. May contain an aldehyde or a ketone group
in their structure.

C. Classicfication (based on number of sugar

molecules )

o Monosaccharides
-hexoses – glucose, fructose, galactose,
mannose
-pentoses - arabinose, xylose, ribose
o Disaccharides ( two sugar molecules)
 Starch – amylose, amylopectins, glycogen
 Cellulose – glucose molecules in B-linkage
 Mixed polysaccharides – hemicellulose, pectins
 Lignin

D. Functions and deficiencies

 Functions in the animal body
 Source of energy
 Source of heat
 Building stores for other nutrients
 Stored in animal body by converting to fats
 Deficiencies of abnormal metabolism
 Ketosis
 Diabetis mellitus

A. General
 Made up (molecular weight) of C (77%). H
(12 %) and O (11%)
 Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents
 Fat will yield 2.25 times more energy than
carbohydrates or proteins
B. Classification
- simple lipids
- compound lipids
 Phospholipids – contain phosphoric acid and
N, i.e., lecithins, cephalins, sphingomyeli
 Glycolipids
 Lipoproteins

Derived fatty lipids

 Fatty acids
 Sterols
C. Structure of fat
 Glycerol and fatty acids
 Saturated fatty acids
 Unsaturated fatty acids
D. Functions and deficiencies
-Functions
 Dietary supply
 Source of heat, insulation and protection for
animal body
 Source of essential fatty acids – linoleic, linolenic
and arachidonic acid
 Serve as carrier for absorption of fat soluble
vitamins
Deficiency and abnormal metabolism
 Skin lesions, hair loss and reduced growth
rate
 Ketosis – catabolism of body fat
 Fatty liver – abnormal metabolism of liver
A. General
a. Made up (by molecular weight ) of C
(53%), H (7%), O (23%), N (16%) and P
(1%).
b. Proteins are the principal constituents
of the organ and soft structures of the
animal body.
c. Dietary requirement (%) is highest in the
young growing animals and decline
gradually to maturity
d. Proteins are basically large molecules.
a. All proteins have one common property,
their basic structure is made up of single
unit, amino acids.
b. Twenty-two amino acids are commonly
found in proteins, they are linked together
by peptide bonds.
c. The arrangement of amino acids in the
chain helps determine the composition of
the protein
d. The classification of amino acids depends
on the number of acidic and basic group
that are present
a. Simple(globular proteins) – those
yielding only amino acids of their
derivatives upon hydrolysis, i.e.,
albumins, histones, protomins,
globulins, glutelins, prolamins.
 Fibrousprotein – constitute about
30% of total protein in animal body,
connective tissue.
i.e,.nucleoproteins, lecithoproteins,
lipoproteins, meralloproteins.
a. True protein – composed of amino acids
b. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) – compounds
that are not true protein in nature
c. Crude protein – composed of true
proteins and any nitrogenous products;
crude protein =%Nx6.25
d. Essential amino acids – those amino
acids which are essential to the animal
and must be supplied in the diet
because the animal cannot synthesize
them fast enough to meet its
requirement:
e. Non-essential amino acids – amino
acids which are essential to the
animal but are normally synthesized
or sufficient in the diet and need
not be supplemented.
f. Protein quality – refers to the
amount and ratio of essential amino
acids present in protein
 Essential amino  Non-essential amino
acids acids
1. alanine
1. phenylalanine 2. asparagines
2. Valine 3. aspartic acid
3. threonine 4. cysteine
4. tryptophan 5. cysteine
5. isoleucine 6. glutamic acid
6. methionine 7. glutamine
7. histidine 8. glycine
8. arginine 9. hydroxyproline
9. leucine 10. proline
10. lysine 11. serine
12. tyrosine
Functions
1. Basic structural unit of the animal body, i.e.,
collagen, elastin, contractile protein, keratin
proteins, blood proteins.
2. Body metabolism – enzymes, hormones,
immune antibodies, hereditary transmission
Deficiencies and Abnormalities
1. Symptoms of protein deficiencies, reduced
growth rate and feed efficiency, anorexia,
infertility
2. Amino acid deficiency – a lack of an important
amino acid which result to deamination.
 Mineral
A. General
• In organic solid, crystalline chemical
elements
• The total mineral content of plants of
animals is often called ash.
• Make up 5% of an animal body on dry
weight basis.
 B. Classification
• Major minerals –normally present at
greater level in animal body or
needed in relatively large amounts
in the diet. Include Ca, P, Na, Cl, K,
Mg, S.
• Trace minerals – normally present at
low levels in animal body or needed
in very small amount in the diet.
Include Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se
and are toxic at large quantities.
 C. General Functions
• Skeletal formation and maintenance –
Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn
• Function in protein synthesis – P, S, Zn
• Oxygen transport – Fe, Cu
• Fluid balance (osmotic pressure) ) O, Na,
Cl, K
• Regulating acid-base balance of the
entire systems – Na, Cl, K
• Activators and/or components of enzyme
systems – Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn
• Mineral-vitamin relationship – Ca, P, Co,
Se
 Vitamins
A. General
a. Organic components of natural food but
distinct from carbohydrates, fat protein, and
water.
b. Present in foods in minute amounts and
effective in the animal body in small
amounts.
c. Essential for development of normal tissue
necessary for metabolic activity but do not
enter into structural portion of body.
d. When absent from the diet or not properly
absorbed or utilized, results in a specific
deficiency disease or syndrome.
e. Cannot be synthesized by the animal
f. Related substances
• Provatimins or precursors, i.e. carotene

• Antivitamins, vitamin antagonists or

pseudovitamins

B. Classification and Structure

• Fat soluble –ADEK

• Water soluble vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin,

niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin,
choline, folic acid.
D. Functions and Deficiencies

• Play role as regulator of metabolism;

necessary for growth and maintenance
• Vitamin requirement may also increase in
old age due to difficulties in absorption
and utilization.
 Sodium and Chlorine
Functions:
1. Formation of digestive juices
2. Control of body fluid concentration
3. Control of body fluid pH
4. Nerve and muscle activity.
Deficiency:
Under ordinary feedlot conditions, there
are no specific deficiency symptoms – just
unthrifty appearance and impaired
performance. With heavily perspiring animals,
an acute salt deficiency may develop resulting
in disrupted nerve and muscle function and
possible nervous prostration.
 Calcium

Functions:
1. Bone and teeth formation – 99% of body
calcium in the bones and teeth
2. Nerve and muscle function
3. Acid-base balance
4. Milk production – also egg production
 Deficiency symptoms:
1. Rickets in young animals. Joints become
enlarged. Bones become soft and deformed.
2. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis in older
animals. Bones become porous and weak.
 Phosphorus

Functions:
1. Bone and teeth formation – about 80% of body
phosphorus is in the bones and teeth.
2. As a component of protein in the soft tissues.
3. Milk production – also egg production.
4. In various metabolic processes.

 Deficiency:

1. Rickets in young animals similar to that of calcium

deficiency.
2. Ostomalacia or osteoporosis in older animals
similar to calcium deficiency
3. Poor appetite, slow gain, lowered milk production,
low blood and chew on nonfeed objects, but this is
not specific for phosphorus deficiency.
 Magnesium

Functions:
1. Necessary for many enzyme systems
2. Plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism
3. Necessary for the proper functioning of the
nervous system

Deficiency:
Hypermagnesemic tetany – hyperirritability
of the neuromuscular system producing hyper-
excitability, incoordination.
 Potassium
Functions:
 Required by livestock for a variety of
body functions such as osmotic relations,
acid-base balance, rumen digestion, and
the primary intracellular cation in
neuromuscular activity.
Deficiency:
 Most unlikely under ordinary
conditions. Symptoms of deficiency rather
nonspecific such as decreased feed
consumption, lowered feed efficiency, slow
growth, stiffness and emaciation.
 Sulfur

Functions:
1. As a component of the amino acid cysteine
and methionine and the vitamins, biotin and
thiamine.
2. In the synthesis of sulfur containing amino
acids in the rumen.
3. In the formation of various body compounds.
Deficiency:
 Seldom experienced under ordinary
conditions. Deficiency will express itself as a
protein deficiency – a general unthrifty
condition and poor performance.
 Iron

Functions:
1. Necessary for hemoglobin formation
2. Essential for the formation of certain
enzymes related to oxygen transport
and utilization
3. Enters into the formation of certain
compounds which serve as iron stores in
the body – specially ferritin, found
mainly in the blood.
Deficiency:
Most livestock rations are more than
adequate in the iron content, and an iron
deficiency seldom occurs with older animals.
Iron deficiency in the young pig is
characterized by:
Low blood hemoglobin
Labored breathing
Listlessness
Pale eyelids, ears and nose.
Flabby, wrinkled skin
Edema of heat and shoulders
Iodine
Functions:
In the production of thyroxine by the thyroid
gland.
Deficiency:
Goiter at birth or soon thereafter
Dead or weak at birth
Hairlessness at birth
Infected navels – especially in faols.
Cobalt
Functions:
As a component of the vitamin molecule
In the rumen synthesis of vitamin
Deficiency:
General malnutrition symptoms – poor
appetite, unthriftiness, weakness, anemia,
decreased fertility, slow growth, and
decreased milk and wool production.

Copper
Functions:
1. In iron absorption
2. In hemoglobin formation
3. Insynthesis of keratin for hair and wool
growth.
4. In various enzymes systems.
Deficiency:
Symptoms not specific and may include
any of the following:

 Low blood and liver cooper

 Bleaching of hair in cattle

 Abnormal wool growth in sheep

 Abnormal bone metabolism

 Muscular incoordination

 Weakness at birth

 Anemia
Flourine
Functions:
1. Reduces incidence of dental caries in humans
and possibly other animals.
2. Possibly retards osteoporosis in mature animals.
Deficiency: In children – excessive dental caries.

Manganese
Functions:
In enzyme systems influencing estrus,
ovulation, fetal development, udder development,
milk production and growth and skeletal
development
Deficiency symptoms take the
form of
 Delayed estrus
 Reduced ovulation

 Reduced fertility

 Abortions

 Resorptions

 Deformed young

 Poor growth

 Lowered serum alkaline phosphatase

 Lowered tissue manganese

 “knuckling over” in calves

Molybdenum
Functions:
1. As a component of enzyme xanthine oxidase –
specially important to poultry for urine acid
formation
2. Stimulates action of rumen organism

Selenium
Functions:
1. In vitamin E absorption and utilization
2. Essential component of enzymes – glutathione
peroxidase, which functions to destroy toxic
peroxides in the tissues thereby having a
sparing effect in the vitamin E requirement.
3. Other compounds of selenium seem to work in
concert with vitamin E in the maintenance of
normal cell functions and membrane health.
Deficiency:
The following selenium deficiency symptoms in
many respects are similar to those vitamin E
deficiency:
Nutrition muscular dystrophy (white muscle
disease) in lambs and calves.
 Retained placenta in cows
 Heart failure
 Paralysis
 Poor growth
 Low fertility
 Liver necrosis
 Pancreatic fibrosis in chicks
Zinc
Functions:
1. Prevents parakeratosis
2. Promotes general thriftiness and growth
3. Promotes wound healing
4. Related to their and wool growth and health
5. Deficiency impairs testicular growth and
function.
Deficiency:
Seldom occurs in cattle and sheep in normal
rations. Frequently experienced in growing
fattening swine being fed on concrete with
rations containing recommended levels of
calcium
Deficiency symptoms include:

 Parakeratosis
 General unthriftiness

 Poor growth

 Unhealthy looking hair or wool

 Slow wound healing