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    Communication Experiments: Bme Lab

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    shruitsme
    This document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and amplitude shift keying (ASK). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of PAM, PWM using a 555 timer IC, and ASK modulation. The objective is to understand the underlying principles of these pulse modulation methods.

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    Communication Experiments: Bme Lab

    Uploaded by

    shruitsme
    76 views22 pages
    This document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and amplitude shift keying (ASK). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of PAM, PWM using a 555 timer IC, and ASK modulation. The objective is to understand the underlying principles of these pulse modulation methods.

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    Telemetry

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    This document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and amplitude shift keying (ASK). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of PAM, PWM using a 555 timer IC, and ASK modulation. The objective is to understand the underlying principles of these pulse modulation methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views22 pages

    Communication Experiments: Bme Lab

    Uploaded by

    shruitsme
    This document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and amplitude shift keying (ASK). It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of PAM, PWM using a 555 timer IC, and ASK modulation. The objective is to understand the underlying principles of these pulse modulation methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Communication experiments

    BME LAB
    General communication system
    OBJECTIVE
    • The objective of this experiment is to
    understand the underlying principles of the
    pulse amplitude modulation (PAM , PWM
    ,ASK) .
    Pulse Modulation
    • Pulse modulation may be subdivided broadly into
    two categories, analog and digital.
    • In the former, the indication of sample amplitude
    may be infinitely variable, while in the latter a
    code which indicates the sample amplitude to
    the nearest predetermined level is sent.
    • Pulse-amplitude and pulse-time modulation are
    both analog, while the pulse code and delta
    modulation systems are both digital
    CONTD…
    • The two types of analog pulse modulation, pulse–
    amplitude and pulse-time modulation correspond
    roughly to amplitude and frequency modulation.
    • Pulse Amplitude Modulation, the simplest form
    of pulse modulation.
    • PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the
    signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each
    sample is made proportional to the amplitude of
    the signal at the instant of sampling.
    • The pulses are then sent by either wire or cable,
    or else are used to modulate a carrier.
    DEFINE PAM
    • In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude
    of individual pulses in the pulse train is varied
    from its default value in accordance with the
    instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
    signal at sampling intervals.
    • The width and position of the pulses is kept
    constant
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    OBSERVATION
    • Carrier frequency , amplitude
    • Message frequency , amplitude
    • Modulated signal.
    • Calculate Vmax and Vmin in the modulated
    waveform.
    Digital Modulation

    • Analog communication systems transmit information in analog form


    using Amplitude or Frequency modulation.

    • Digital communication systems also employ modulation techniques,


    some of which include:
    – Amplitude Shift Keying
    – Frequency Shift Keying
    – Phase Shift Keying

    9
    Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

     Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)


     The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the
    process of switching the carrier either on or off, in
    correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses
    that constitute the information signal.
     One binary digit is represented by the presence of
    a carrier, the other binary digit is represented by
    the absence of a carrier.
     Frequency remains fixed
    Amplitude Shift Keying
    Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
    information

    Carrier wave

    ASK
    modulated
    signal

    Amplitude varying-
    frequency constant
    Carrier present Carrier absent

    11
    Circuit Diagram
    Result
    & observation
    • Carrier frequency , amplitude , time duration
    • Message frequency , amplitude , time
    duration
    • Modulated signal , Calculate ton and toff.
    PWM USING 555
    OUTPUT
    • R= 10 K
    • C=.1µf
    Working
    • This pulse modulator circuit need an external
    clock signal to work.
    • So build an astable multivibrator using the same
    555 IC (or using any other type of  square wave
    oscillator to provide the clock signal).
    • The clock signal must be fed to the trigger input
    (pin 2) of this pulse width modulator circuit.
    • The modulation input should be fed to pin 5, and
    you’ll get the pulse-width-modulated output at
    pin 3. 
    PWM
    • When the input is greater than the triangular
    waveform (the carrier), the resulting output is
    high, when the input is less than triangular
    waveform, the output is low. So, a comparator
    and triangular-waveform generator are
    required.
    PWM USING LM 324
    OUTPUT WAVEFORM
    • When the input is greater
    than the triangular
    waveform (the carrier),
    the resulting output is
    high, when the input is
    less than triangular
    waveform, the output is
    low.
    • So, a comparator and
    triangular-waveform
    generator are required.
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    • Vcc 2.5
    • Message frequency 263
    HZ
    • Carrier Frequency 2.5
    KHZ
    ECG TELEMETRY

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