Lesson1 HumanCulturalVariations

HUMAN CULTURAL
VARIATIONS
PREPARED BY: MARY ANN C. ISANAN, M.M.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion, the learners will be
able to demonstrate an understanding of:
1. human cultural variation, social

differences, social change, and political
identities
PICTURE ANALYSIS
1. What does the picture
imply?
2. Have you experienced
the same situation? In
what particular condition?
Explain.
3. How did you handle this
kind of experience?
REFLECTION
• Think of an experience where you had
observed differences, changes or identifying
qualities from another society or a group of
people you have encountered before. Narrate
this experience and explain the ways how you
handled it. (Time: 3 minutes)
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
• Culture- serves as a “tool kit” that provides us with
the equipment necessary to deal with the common
problems of everyday life (Swidler 1986; Brinkerhoff et
al 1995).
• Common and not-so-common problems are readily

resolved as culture offers immediate solutions as long
as every members of society conforms.
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
1.Gender
2.Socioeconomic Class
3.Ethnicity
4.Religion
5.Exceptionality
6.Nationality
GENDER AND GENDER ROLES
• Gender refers to social, cultural, and psychological
characteristics or traits related to males and females
based on certain social contexts.
• Gender roles refer to attitudes and behaviors that

the society expects a person to exhibit based on
his/her sex.
GENDER AND GENDER ROLES
• During pre-colonial Philippines, males and females enjoy the
same rights and privileges. There are different social functions
that are assigned to different members of the society. However,
there functions that are specifically given to males or females or
both.
• Gender roles during the colonial period had changed

drastically. Women were restrained from other activities outside
their homes, while men were given more social functions. These
roles also changed as the Philippines was occupied by new
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• Barangay was headed by DATU or RAHA
• 3 DIFFERENT GROUPS : 1) Maharlika 2) Timawa
3)Alipin
• MAHARLIKA (LEADERS AND ROYALS)
• First social class
• Composed of the leaders (datus and their families)
• Also called the group of maginoo, raha, or gat
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• TIMAWA (FREEMEN)
• Second or Middle class
• Composed of all the freemen in the barangay
• Consists of warriors, workers, and others who
are not under debt bondage
• Have their own property (houses and land)
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• ALIPIN (SLAVES)
• Third Class
• Serve another person or family as payment
for debt
• Became an alipin when the family lose in a
war with another family
• Are not bound to their master for life
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
TWO KINDS OF ALIPIN
•ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
•Has property
•Often from timawa class and became
alipin because of debt or as punishment
for a wrong doing
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
•ALIPING SAGUIGUILID
•Does not have the right to own
property
•Captives in war
•Can be sold or exchanged for goods
or other alipin
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
• Divided based on ANCESTRY:
1) Peninsulares 2) Insulares 3) Mestizo 4) Indio
• PENINSULARES
• Spaniards in the Philippines who were born in
Spain
• Came from “peninsula”, came directly from
the Spanish peninsula
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
•INSULARES
•Spaniards who were of Spanish
descent but were born in the
Philippines
•Came from “insular”, meaning
“from the islands”
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
•MESTIZO
•Those of mixed ancestry
•Usually children of Spanish and
Chinese couples or of Spanish
and Indio couples
•Have both economic and
political power
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
•INDIO
•Consist of natives
•The lowest class in the society
•Were stripped of their rights and
freedom and were forced to bow
down to the Spanish colonizers
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
•PRINCIPALIA
•Consist of native leaders in the
government and their families
•ILUSTRADOS
•The children of the principalia
who usually studied in Europe
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
MODERN SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES
•HIGH-INCOME CLASS (P200,000/mo
or 2.4M/yr) ; rich class
•MIDDLE CLASS (average of
P36,000/mo)
•LOW-INCOME CLASS (less than
P10,000/mo)
SOCIAL MOBILITY AND
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
•Social mobility is the movement of
people or families within or between
different levels in the society.
•Social stratification is the division of
society based on occupation and
income, wealth or power
ETHNICITY
•ETHNICITY refers to a group of
people, also called ETHNIC GROUP,
who have a common or shared
culture, language, history, religion,
and tradition.
•Ex. Filipinos, Malays, Anglo-Saxons,
and Muslims
ETHNICITY
•RACE refers to a group of people who
share the same physical attributes, such
as skin color, height, facial features
RACES:
Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
•8 MAJOR ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS
1. Ilokano 6. Ilonggo
2. Kapampangan 7. Cebuano
3. Pangasinense 8. Binisaya (Waray)
4. Tagalog
5. Bikolano
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
•OTHER ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS
1. Ibanag 5. Tausug
2. Ivatan 6. T’boli
3. Sambal
4. Subanon
ISSUES ABOUT RACE AND
ETHNICITY
•RACISM is a discrimination or
prejudice based on one’s race
•ETHNOCENTRICISM is a
discrimination or prejudice
based on one’s culture
ETHNICITY
•GENOCIDE is the
elimination of a group of
people from the same
race, ethnic group,
religion, or nation.
ETHNICITY
•ETHNIC CLEANSING is the
harassment, rape, or
forced migration of an
ethnic group to banish
them from a certain area.
RELIGION
•RELIGION a set of
practices and behaviors
that relate to a group of
people’s belief in a God
or a group of Gods
RELIGION
•CHRISTIANITY
•ISLAM
•HINDUISM
•TAOISM
•BUDDHISM
EXCEPTIONALITY
•a quality or a characteristic of a person
that makes him or her different from an
established norm in a society
•various physical and mental
interference or problems that affect a
person and which makes it difficult for
him/her to function properly in society
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES AND
PROBLEMS
•REPUBLIC ACT 7277 or the
MAGNA CARTA FOR PEOPLE
WITH DISABILITIES (PWDs) in
1991
NATIONALITY
•NATION is a large aggregate of
people united by common
descent, history, culture,
language, and economic life
inhabiting a particular country
or territory
NATIONALITY
•NATIONALITY a person’s instinctive
membership to a specific nation or
country
•Acquired by birth/blood (jus
sanguinis) or by land or the country
where he is born (jus soli)
NATIONALITY
•CITIZENSHIP a person’s legal
and political status in a city or
state, which means that an
individual has been registered
with the government in some
country
NATIONALITY
•An individual becomes a
citizen of a country only when
he is accepted into that
country’s political framework
through legal terms.
NATIONALITY
•No one will be able to
change his nationality,
but one can have
different citizenships.
NATIONALITY
•Administrative
Naturalization Law
of 2000 (R.A. 9139)
NATIONALITY
•Statelessness is not
having a nationality
of any country.

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HUMAN CULTURAL

1. human cultural variation, social

• Common and not-so-common problems are readily

• Gender roles refer to attitudes and behaviors that

• Gender roles during the colonial period had changed

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