3G

Complete
Knowledge
 WCDMA Fundamentals
• Separate users through different codes
• Large bandwidth
• Continuous transmission and reception
• Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
• No frequency planning
• Scrambling code planning
• 5 MHz carrier separation
code
CDMA
• Fast Power Control
• Soft/Softer Handover
• Admission Control Code-Division
Multiple Access

• Congestion Control
frequency
 UTRAN Architecture
(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)

OSS
 RN Interfaces
• Iu
– Iu PS
• Connection to the packet switched core network domain
– SGSN/GGSN
– Iu CS
• Connection to the circuit switched core network domain
– MSC
– Protocol RANAP
• Iur
– RNC interconnection Core Network
[eg: for SHO support ]
– Protocol RNSAP Iu
• Iub
– Connection for the RBS to the RNC Iur RNC

– Protocol NBAP RNC

• Uu Iub
– Air Interface to the UE RBS

– Protocol RRC, RLC, MAC RBS

Uu
UE
RBS
Basics of 3G
 Basics of 3G
• WCDMA Bandwidth
• FDD – 5 MHZ of Paired
• TDD – 5 MHZ Only

• SF and Data rate

• SF is lower when data rate is higher

• SF and Power Relation

• When lower the SF then more power required

• SF and Coverage relation

• SF is high then coverage will be high

• CPICH Power -:
• It takes about 8 to 10% of the total NodeB Power .For a 20W (43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W
(33dBm).
• In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the CPICH may
sometimes go as low as 5% because:
• The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
• More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
 Basics of 3G
• RSCP –
• Stand for Received Signal Code Power, the energy per Chip in CPICH averaged over 512 chip.

• RSSI –
• The desired total signal of UTRA carrier frequency.
• Received energy of all cells in particular location.

• RSCP = RSSI/Ec/No
 Basics of 3G
• TCP-
• During the Power Control, transmit power control command is used to power up and Power Down
based on SIR Target in the step of 0.5 dB.

• Active Set –
• It Consist group of cells that takes part in soft & softer HO and measured by UE. Typically Active set size
is 3 or 4.
• HO Window size is 4 to 6 dB

• Pilot Pollution –
• When number of strong cell added in Active set size there is pilot pollution.

• Compressed Mode –
• Compressed mode is physical layer function that allowed to UE to temporally tune to another frequency
, and measured the RF environment of another UMTS Frequency.

• Cell Breathing –
• The cell coverage shrink as the loading increase in called cell breathing.

• TTI –
• After every TTI resource can be redistributed among the user, resources uses is more efficient.
 Basics of 3G
• TMA-
• It reduce the system noise, Improve the UL sensitivity and leads to longer UE Battery
life
• TMA Gain – 12 dB
• Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of
the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and required SNR. Thermo noise
power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is determined by modulation technique, therefore
the only variable is noise figure.
• The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
• NFt = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2) + ... + (NFi-1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)
• As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise figure on the
system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system provided the gains are positive.
Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss. A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
• There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS. A TMA placed
near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure improvement – the noise
figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF2-1)/G1), and the remaining blocks (main
feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
• To summarize, a TMA has a gain that’s close to feeder loss.

• Why TMA are installed at the top near the antenna and
not the bottom near the NodeB?
• Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder losses (noise
figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
 Basics of 3G
• Processing gain –
• Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in decibel (dB) scale. For
example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the processing gain is:
• PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

• calculate maximum number of users on a cell--

• To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
• W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
• EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
• i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
• R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
• η: loading factor (assuming 50%)
• Take 12.2kbps as example:
• M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * η = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
• The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
• A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
• Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 – 2 (1 SF64) – 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
• Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
 Basics of 3G
• Cell Selection Criteria –
• Qmean = the average SIR target cell
• Qmin = minimum SIR required
• Pcomponsation = a correction value for different UE classes

• S = Qmean – Qmin – Compensation

• If S>0 then the cell is valid candidate.
• A UE camp on the cell with higher S

• DRX Cycle –
• The UE listen to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing the power consumption. The
periodically of these search is set by the system and the time interval is called Discontinues Reception.
• Different DRX cycle are used for CS and PS service in Ideal mode. A separate DRX cycle is also used to page
connected mode UEs in state URA_CPH.

• Near Far Effect –

• All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interface with one another. Due to
the propagation path loss, the signal received by the base station from UE close to the base station will be
stronger the signal received from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence the distant user will be
dominated by the close user. This is called near - far – effect.
• Solution of this problem is power control, which attempt to achieve the same mean received power for
each user.
 Basics of 3G
• Noise Rise –
• For every new user added to the service addition noise is added to the network. This is each new user
causes a “noise rise” . In theory the “noise rise” is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to
the noise power.
• Higher “nose rise” value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user has to transmit the
higher power to over come the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be tolerate and the cell
radius is reduced.

• AT what circumstances can a Node B reach its max capacity? What are
the Capacity Limitations?
• NodeB reaches its max transmit power, runs out of its channel element, uplink noise rise reaches its design
target.

• Resource Management for Capacity Management –

• DL Power
• Received Total Wideband Power
• OVSF Codes
• RBS Channel Element

• Three Sets in HO –
• Active Set
• Monitor Set
• Detected Set
 Basics of 3G
• Measure Difference between GSM and UMTS HO decision –
• GSM:
• Time based mobile measure of Rx Lev and Rx Qual – mobile sends measurement report every SACH period
(480ms)
• BSC instruct to mobile to HO based on these reports.

• UMTS:
• Event triggered reporting - UE send a measurement report only on certain event “triggered “.
• UE plays more part in the HO decision.

• Direct Retry –
• When there is a co – existing GSM RAN, Excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be offloaded to GSM.
• In a call is chosen for Direct Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will be rejected with cause
“Direct Retry” and then a request is made to the core n/w to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using
the Inter – RAT HO procedure. This HO is blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE
measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co – located with the WCDMA cell.
• CO – Located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility as their respective WCDMA
cells.
• Default Value -85
 Basics of 3G
EVENTS –
• e1a - a primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.
• e1b - a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.
• e1c - a non active primary CPICH becomes better than an active Primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.
• e1d - Change the best cell
• e1e - a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold.
• e1f - a Primary CPICH becomes worse that an absolute threshold.
• e2a - for inter frequency HO measurement. Change the best frequency.
• e2d - for inter frequency HO measurement. The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a
certain threshold.
• E2b – the estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimate
quality of non – used frequency is above a certain threshold.
• E2c - The estimate quality of a non – used frequency is above certain threshold.
• E2e- The estimate quality of non – used frequency is below a certain threshold.
• E2f – The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.
• e3a - for IRAT HO measurement.
• e3d - for IRAT HO measurement. There was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
• E3b – the GSM cell quality has moved below threshold
• E3c – the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold

• Inter – frequency HO evaluation is based its decision on P – CPICH quality measure on the currently used
frequency and on one or more non – used frequency. If the evaluation result is positive, one cell on a non –
used frequency is proposed to Inter – Frequency HO execution.
• Inter – Frequency Ho is hard HO where the UE is ordered by the n/w to tune to another frequency . Means
that there will be a small interruption in data flow to and from the UE
RABs supported in RAN P2.1

Conversational Speech 12.2 kbps Circuit switched

Conversational CS Data 64 kbps Circuit switched

Streaming 57.7 kbps Circuit switched

Variable rate Packet Switched

Interactive
RACH/FACH, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384

Combination of Conversational
Multi-RAB Speech and Interactive 64/64
 Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
 A radio access bearer (RAB) connection via UTRAN is realised by two concatenated
segments, the Iu bearer connection and the radio bearer connection
 UMTS Radio Access Protocol structure
User Plane and Control Plane
Signaling Radio Radio Bearer for User
Bearer (SRB) Data (RB)
Control plane User plane

RRC Layer 3
Control
Measurements

Signaling Radio
channels bearers

RLC RLC
RLC RLC Layer 2 RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Control

Logical channels

MAC Layer 2 MAC

Transport channels

Physical Layer Layer 1

 RAB and RAB realizations
• RAB (Radio Access Bearer)
– “Owned” by the core network (CN)
– CN determines, traffic class, QoS etc
• RB (Radio Bearer)
– “Owned” by the Radio Network
– One RAB can be mapped to several Radio Bearers
• E.g., different bit classes for AMR
– RB is how Radio Network realizes a RAB
• SRB (Signaling Radio Bearers)
– Needed for signaling of, e.g., connection setups, measurements, RN procedures
etc.
• Logical Channels
– An RB is mapped to a Logical Channel
– All user data mapped to DTCH
 Radio Access Bearers (RABs)
• CS --
– Speech AMR 12.2 kbps
– Data (Video) 64 kbps
• PS I/B (UL/DL)
– 64/64 kbps
– 64/128 kbps
– 64/384 kbps
– 128/128 kbps (P5)
• HSDPA
– 64/HSDPA interactive
– 384/HSDPA interactive
• Multi-RAB
– Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 64/HSDPA (P5)
– Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 384/HSDPA (P5)
 Radio Bearers
• Interactive/background RAB forms the bases for normal PS
best effort data

RBS RNC

UTRAN

• No guaranteed performances for an interactive/background RAB

• Dedicated 64/64, 128/64, 384/64 kbps RAB
• Streaming 128/128 kbps RAB
Mapping of UMTS Services to RABs
 Basics of 3G
• Processing gain –
• Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in decibel (dB) scale. For
example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the processing gain is:
• PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB

• calculate maximum number of users on a cell--

• To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
• W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
• EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
• i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
• R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
• η: loading factor (assuming 50%)
• Take 12.2kbps as example:
• M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * η = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
• The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
• A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
• Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 – 2 (1 SF64) – 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
• Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
 Eb/No
• Eb/No
• By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy per information bit to the
power spectral density (of interference and noise) after dispreading.
• Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
• For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better.

The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:

On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB – PS is about 2dB lower.
On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB – PS is about 1dB
lower.

Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS

PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF link.
 Eb/No

Io = own cell interference + surrounding cell interference + noise density

No = surrounding cell interference + noise density
 Ec/Io

• Ec/Io is the ratio of the energy per chip in CPICH to the total received power density (including CPICH itself).
 Ec/No

• CPICH Ec/No
• The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the „quality“ of the received signal. It gives
the received energy per received chip divided by the band‘s power density. The
„quality“ is the primary CPICH‘s signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please
note, that transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )
• If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make measurements in
the GSM bands, too. The measurements are based on the
 SF
 Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading Factor（SF）.The operation is done
through multiplication with OVSF code.
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.
• Separates users through different codes
• Codes are used for two purposes:
– Differentiate channels/users
– Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF Scrambling
code code
 Spreading principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

– Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
– Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
– Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code
– Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
– Period depends on data rate
 Spreading principle
 User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the
air interface

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal
Spread Spectrum gain
 Chanilization Code
• OVSF code is used as channelization code
• It is used to spread the signal and channel separation from the cell.
• Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
• In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels coming from the same RBS
 In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels from the same UE
 DL – 4 to 512
 UL – 4 to 256
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
 Scrambling Code
• Scrambling code ：GOLD sequence.
• Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
• The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either
long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling
codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
• For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes
can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, …, 8191 are used.
• SC used to separate the cells in N/W
• In UL it is used to differentiate the terminals.
 After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special
code to distinguish between different transmitters.
• Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
synchronized
• The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length –
longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
• Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long
 Scrambling Codes
 In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator – SC planning)

 In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE

(assigned by network)

Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6
 Scrambling Code planning
 SC are organized in Code Groups.
 The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent
Code Group by a multiple of 8

64 Code Groups

0 8 16 ... ... 504

1 9 17 ... ... 505
2 10 18 ... ... 506
3 11 19 ... ... 507
4 12 20 ... 500 508
5 13 21 ... 501 509
6 14 22 ... 502 510
7 15 23 ... 503 511
Power Control
 Power Control
• Open Loop
• Fast closed Loop
• Outer Loop

• Open Loop
• Controlled by UE
• Determined in UL that how much power UE is uses
• n/w inform to UE of current n/w status CPPICH Power, UL interference
• UE use these parameter to calculate initial power of PRACH
• Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA
• Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication
links

• When UE is switch on, UE start to send the power to NodeB, first it will send
minimum power then increase the power level till it gets Aquired in that perticuler
network(Information get through AICH).

36
 Power Control
• Fast Closed Loop (Inner Loop)
• Located in NodeB and UE
• Controlled the power of dedicated physical channel
• PC changes can occur every slots 1500 times/sec
• NodeB and UE continuously compare SIR with SIR target and inform each other to
either increase of decrease its power

• Outer Loop
• Located in RNC
• Adjust the SIR for every user based on BLER
• Keep the quality of communication at required level (BLER, SIR, BER) by setting SIR
target for fast power control
– compensates for fading channels
– needs dedicated control channel for power control commands

37
Handover
 Hanover
• Soft/Softer Hand Over
• Inter Frequency hand Over
• Inter RAT Handover
• Core Network Hard Handover
• Service Based Handover to GSM
• HSDPA Mobility

• Soft/Softer Hand Over

 UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time

40
 Explain Soft and Softer handover?
• In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio
links established with cells belonging to different RBSs.
• In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links
established with cells belonging to the same RBS.
• It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link
at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference. However
there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity.
• A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more
DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection.
• Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered,
more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and
Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number
of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited
 ?
Inter Frequency Handover

• UE handover between different

frequencies or between WCDMA
 Inter RAT Handover
• Inter frequency handover between
WCDMA and GSM
• GSM to WCDMA or Hard HO
 HSPA
• HSDPA represents an evolution of the WCDMA radio interface, which uses very
similar methods to those employed by EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution) technology for the GSM radio interface. The fundamental
characteristics which enable the increase in the data throughput and capacity
with reduced latency are summarized below:
• Time and code multiplexing of the users
• Multi-Code transmission
• Fixed Spreading Factor (SF = 16)
• Shorter TTI = 2ms
• No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel
• Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation
• Node B scheduling and link adaptation
• Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ – Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request)
• No power control
• No soft handover
– The subscribers request higher speed and better quality data access
– Competition challenge from CDMA EV/DO, WiMAX
– Up to now, the throughput request for downlink is much more higher than
that of uplink
– The channel configuration of R99 lead a very low efficiency on the
downlink capacity
 HSPA Calculation
• Chip rate in KBPS = 3840
• Spreading Factor = 16
• Speed =3840/16 = 240

• Modulation = 4 (N)
• Coding Scheme = 15(M)
• Total Speed for 16 QAM = Speed * Modulation Type (N)*Coding Scheme (M)
• = 240 * 4* 15 = 14.4 MBPS

• Important Facts –
• 2^n formula use for modulation scheme
• QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
• 2^1, N=1 2^4, N= 4 2^6, N= 6

• Code Used –
• QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
• 5 10 15 dynamic code will use for more then 64QAM

• Total Speed for 64 QAM = 240*6*15 =21.6

 HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA is the solution of WCDMA offering higher speed
downlink data services.
 Peak data rate in DL: 14.4Mbps (physical layer)
 Shorter delay
 Higher efficiency using downlink code and power and
bigger downlink capacity
 Flexible cell resource allocation
 More high speed user access
HSDPA
 Fast Scheduling Basic
Physical Layer Basic
If a little part of received 10ms frame (15 slots - R99) can’t be
decoded correctly, whole frame will be retransmit 10ms later.

An HSDPA frame is only 2ms(3 slots). If a 2ms frame can’t be

decoded correctly, just this 2ms frame need be retransmitted. Other
2ms(up to 6) HARQ process may continue transmitting data, thus
radio resource could be used more effectively.
 Fast Scheduling
By fast scheduling, HSDPA cell can allocate the available HSDPA power resource and
code resource among users effectively, to improves the throughout.

Scheduling Principle: based on channel

condition in short period; based on balance
between throughout and proportional fair for all
users in long period.

• Scheduler may works

based on CDM and/or TDM
• Some basic scheduler
– Channel condition
– Round Robin (RR)
– Amount of data waiting in the queue
(delay) – Maximum C/I (MAXC/I)

– Fairness – Proportional Fair (PF)

– Cell throughout, etc

 Share and Scheduling of Shared Channel

The following fig describes scheduling processing for 4 users.

All codes
reserved for
HSDPA
transmission
2ms
 Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm

Features:
1) Allocates channel to the user with max C/I in one TTI.

2) Provides the highest cell throughout, because channel is allocated to the user in the
best radio condition .

3) It is not fair for the users located in areas of poor coverage. By max C/I algorithm,
the system hardly allocate channel for users under pool signal condition.
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
AMC could improve radio bandwidth and fit for high speed radio transmission.

• AMC is based on channel quality

– Adjust data rate
• Good channel condition – higher rate
• Poor channel condition – lower rate
– Adjust code rate
• Good channel condition – higher rate (e.g. 3/4
code)
• Poor channel condition – lower rate (e.g. 2/4
code)
– Adjust modulation scheme
• Good channel condition – 16QAM
• Poor channel condition – QPSK
• Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)
– UE measures channel quality (SNR) and reports to
Node B every 2ms or longer time.
– Node-B chooses modulation scheme, Transport Block Throughput ~ SIR Relationship
size and data rate based on CQI.
 Modulation Scheme

 HSDPA
Modulation
 QPSK
 16QAM
AMC Processing Flow
UE measure CPICH strength
UE reports the signal quality by CQI
(channel quality indicator)
Node B may filter and rectify CQI report to
obtain actual CQI
Determine the channel number, transmit
power and modulation scheme, etc, based
on CQI, transmit data volume, available
power and code.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
HARQ helps minimize retransmission time and increase cell throughout.

Tranditional ARQ Hybrid ARQ

–decode received transport block –decode received transport block
–detect if there is CRC error in decoded –Detect if there is CRC error in decoded transport bolck
transport bolck
–If there is CRC error
–If there is CRC error
•Store error block(no discard)
•discard error block
•Request retransmission
•Request retransmission
•Combine the currently received retranmission with
the previous failed decodes.

Combined HARQ
Block1 Block1 Block2

Soft Combine

Block1 Block1

Block1?

Increment redundancy
 HARQ Concept
• HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of
check bits if the previous transmission failed (NACK)
while receiver buffers the failed decodes for soft
combining with future retransmissions.
• The RV parameter indicates different code bit transmit
in IR buffer. Different RV parameter configuration
supports:
– CC (Chase Combining): retransmit the same coded data
– PIR (Partial Incremental Redundancy): transmit systematic bits
first
– FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy): transmit parity bits first
HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme

Code Rate 1/3 1/2 2/3 3/4

CC Gain (dB) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

PIR Gain (dB) 3.1 3.3 3.6 6.5

FIR Gain (dB) 3.1 3.5 4.3 8.4

FIR scheme will transmit the check bits first, it has effective average
coded bits after retransmission. Especially for high code rate, the
HARQ gain is very evidence.
Channel Concept
Down Link
 WCDMA Downlink (FDD) – Rel.’99
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
CPICH
Null Data S/P
Common Pilot Channel
Cch 256,0 Gain
Sync Codes(*)
BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) PSC
S/P
Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch.


Cch 256,1 Gain

PCCH PCH Data GP

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
S-CCPCH SSCi SCH (Sync Channel)
Secondary Common Control S/P
CCCH
Physical Ch. GS
Common Control Ch. Cch Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch. DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
CCTrCH One per UE
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Cell-specific
Scrambling Downlink
DTCH DCH Data Code RF Out
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
U M
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
X U
X
S/P
 I+jQ I
Filter

Cch Gain I/Q
Modulator
DTCH DCH Data Filter
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Q
DPCCH (one per UE)
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

DSCH Data PDSCH

S/P * Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Cch Gain
Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
AICH P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot
Access Indication data S/P
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)
PICH Cch Gain
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indicator Channel )
AP-AICH Cch Gain
Access Preamble Indication bits S/P
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
CSICH Cch Gain
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
CD/CA-ICH
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel
Cch Gain
Assignment )
 Downlink Logical Channels (L3)
• Control Logical Channels
• BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)
– Broadcasts cell site and system information to all UE
• PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
– Transmits paging information to a UE when the UEs location is
unknown
• CCCH (Common Control Channel)
– Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection
• DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
– Transmits control information to a UE when there is a RRC
Connection

• Traffic Logical Channels

• CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
– Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs.
• DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
– Traffic channel dedicated to one UE 60
 Downlink Transport Channels (L2)
• Common Transport Channels
• BCH (Broadcast Channel)
– Continuous transmission of system and cell information

• PCH (Paging Channel)

– Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
– Pending activity indicated by the PICH (paging indication channel)

• FACH (Forward Access Channel)

– Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
– Also used for some user data

• Dedicated Transport Channels

• DCH (Dedicated Channel)

– Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
– Used for BLER measurements

61
 Downlink Physical Channels (L1)
• Common Physical Channels
– P-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Primary)
• Broadcasts cell site information
• Timing reference for all DL

– SCH Synchronization Channel

• Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
– S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)
• Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs
– CPICH Common Pilot Channel

• Dedicated Physical Channels

– DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel

– DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
• Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UEs 62
 Downlink Physical Channels…
• Indicator Physical Channels
– AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
• Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access
attempt
• (Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)

– PICH (Page Indicator Channel)

• Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot

PILOT: Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)

TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)

FBI: Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)

TPC: Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

63
Channel Concept
UP Link
 WCDMA Uplink (FDD) – Rel ’99
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
Chd Gd

CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.


RACH Control Part

Chc Gc j
Chd Gd

DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling Uplink
 Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part

I
Chc Gc j I+jQ Filter I/Q
 Filter
Mod.

Chd,1 Gd
Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. I
Chd,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Chd,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional) 
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,4 Gd

DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) Q
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chc Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
 Uplink Logical Channels (L3)
• Control Logical Channels

• CCCH (Common Control Channel)

– Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection
• DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
– Transmits control information from a UE when there is a RRC
Connection

• Traffic Logical Channels

• CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)

– Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs
• DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
– Traffic channel dedicated from one UE
66
 Uplink Transport Channels (L2)
• Common Transport Channels

• RACH - Random Access Channel

– Carries access requests, control information, short data
» Uses only open-loop power control
» Subject to random access collisions

• Dedicated Transport Channels

• DCH - Dedicated Channel

– Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
– Used for BLER measurements

67
 Uplink Physical Channels (L1)
• Common Physical Channels

– PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

• Used by UE to initiate access to BS

• Dedicated Physical Channels

– DPDCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Data Channel

– DPCCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Control Channel
• Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

68
 WCDMA Physical Channels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell

P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel

Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
PICH - Page Indicator Channel

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Base PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Station User
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Equipment
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
(BS) CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
(UE)
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel

Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

69
Channel Concept
HSDPA
 HSDPA Relevant Physical Channel
Three new HSDPA Physical Channel

For each HS-PDSCH, SF=16

For each HS-SCCH, SF=128

Each cell is assigned up to 4 HS-
SCCH (limited by UE capability)

For each HS-DPCCH, SF=256

Each H has one HS-DPCCH.
HSDPA Channel Mapping
Associated Channel - DPCH
 There is another dedicated physical
channel named DPCH for each HSDPA
user. DPCH is also called associated
channel in HSDPA. It is used for
signaling transport and power control.
 Normally DPCH doesn’t carry service
data, only sometimes carry real time
services such as AMR (the user setup
multiple RAB: CS+PS).

Node B

HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPCH HS-DPCCH

UE

“Associated”? Or “Concomitant”?
HSDPA Physical Channel (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
are downlink shared
channel shared by all users.
How can users know when
and on which channel my
data is transported?

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding

flags at the first row of queue. UE
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
subframes addressed to it on the sets
of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
the UE, the UE physical layer will
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
do nothing.
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-SCCH)
• HS-SCCH Slot Format Features
– 3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
– SF=128, QPSK modulation
– Maps user’s seven data attributes, including Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd;
– UE demodulates HS-SCCH and find out the received data addressed to
the UE. Then UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH.
– In theory, one cell can configure up to 15 HS-SCCH. But now commercial
UE can only monitor up to 4 HS-SCCH channels simultaneously. So one
cell only configure up to 4 HS-SCCH channels.

Data
N data 1 bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2

HS-SCCH subframe: T = 2 ms
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-PDSCH)
 HS-PDSCH Slot Format Attributes:
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
Fixed spreading factor SF16
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
Only carry user data
UE may be assigned multi channelization codes to support multi-code transport
depending on UE capability.

Data
Ndata 1 bits
k
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 bits (k=4)

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2

1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-DPCCH)
• Uplink HS-DPCCH
– TTI 2ms (3 slots), SF 256, Fixed rate of 15Kbps,carry 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer
signaling: ACK/NACK and CQI.
– ACK and NACK notifies the NodeB if UE has received correct downlink data or not. The field
defines like this:1-Nack, 0-Ack
– CQI is a metric that reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH, and reported
by period ranging from 0, 2ms…. to 160ms (0 means no transmission). Usually the period is
2ms (one TTI).
– ACK/NAK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by different
parameters .
– ACK/NACK/CQI could be configured to repeat up to 4 times to improve TSTD gain.

Tslot = 2560 chips 2Tslot = 5120 chips

HARQ-ACK CQI

One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)

Subframe #0 Subframe # Subframe #4

 Physical Channel Timing
• Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of P-CCPCH, HS-PDSCH
subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated HS-SCCH
subframe. UE demodulates HS-PDSCH subframe according to HS-
SCCH.
• HS-SCCH and PDSCH are common channels, so there are not timing
between HS-SCCH/PDSCH and DPCH.

10 ms
P-CCPCH Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0 Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-SCCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-PDSCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

2 slots 15 slots = 10 ms

DPCH Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
DPCH
~7.5 slots
HS-DPCCH
3 slots = 2 ms
UE Capacity Category( for reference)
HSDPA Physical Channel Transmit Power
• PHSDPA(HSDPA total transmit power)＝ PHS-PDSCH + PHS-SCCH
• The HS-PDSCH transmit power is adjusted by Node B
according to the following factors:
– CQI
– Amount of data to be transmitted
– Available power for HS-PDSCH
– Available code resource for HS-PDSCH

• HS-SCCH transmit power may use:

– Fixed power transmission (outdoor 5%, indoor 3% of the total power)
– A fixed power offset between HS-SCCH and DL associated channel (PDCH).
HS-PDSCH transmit power is usually bigger than the PDCH channel to keep a
proper transmit power.

• HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on UL

DPCH.
– Slot carrying HARQ-ACK/NACK or CQI may be set different power offset.
HSDPA – Channel Mapping
When RAB is mapped onto HS-DSCH,
DPCH is needed to transport UL RLC
AM information and possible UL data, no
matter there is UL data to transport.

The following figure describes that DL

TRB is carried on HS-DSCH SRB and
SRB or UL service is carried on DCH. In
soft handover, there may be one or more
DCH, but only one HS-DSCH.
 Channel Switching
Capability
• Optimizes the utilization of radio resources, by switching UE’s to the
most suitable transport channel based on traffic volume (throughput),
radio resources availability, radio conditions and mobility

Impacting features
• Admission Control
• Congestion Control
• Soft Handover
 Channel type switching
User 1 User 2
Random-Access Random-Access
Request Request

Random-Access Channel
Switch to Switch to
dedicated TTime-out common
Packet Packet Packet

Dedicated Channel
Release dedicated
channel
 Channel rate switching

Up-switch Down-switch
e.g. 64 128 384 Kbps Bit rate e.g. 384 128 64 Kbps

Distance
Distance from RBS
from RBS or
or Load in
Load in the cell
the cell
 Overview of trigger mechanisms

Channel Switching Down/up switch based on

Algorithms coverage and user activity

Congestion Control Channel Admission Control

Switching
Down-switch from dedicated Down-switch from one
to common channel to resolve dedicated channel to another,
congestion e.g. from 64/384 to 64/128 to
free up radio resources
Soft Handover
Down-switch from 64/384 or 64/128 to
64/64 if Admission Control denies adding
a radio link to the Active Set
 Single RAB State Transitions
Connected Mode
1. Common to Dedicated
Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL

2 2 2. Dedicated to dedicated
Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL Single RAB
2 2 3
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL
3. Dedicated to common
1
Common Channel (Cell_FACH)
RACH/FACH
(max. 32 kbps) 4. Common to Idle Mode
4
Idle Mode
3G KPI