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    Open-Circuit Voltage, and Equivalent Resistance

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    Salim San
    Thévenin's Theorem states that any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from two terminals, is equivalent to a voltage source in series with a resistance. This greatly simplifies calculations. The voltage source is equal to the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals, and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the original circuit. To find the Thévenin equivalent, we calculate the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, and use those values to determine the equivalent voltage source and resistance.

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    Open-Circuit Voltage, and Equivalent Resistance

    Uploaded by

    Salim San
    40 views30 pages
    Thévenin's Theorem states that any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from two terminals, is equivalent to a voltage source in series with a resistance. This greatly simplifies calculations. The voltage source is equal to the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals, and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the original circuit. To find the Thévenin equivalent, we calculate the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, and use those values to determine the equivalent voltage source and resistance.

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    myLecture9-Thevenin-Norton.pptx

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    Thévenin's Theorem states that any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from two terminals, is equivalent to a voltage source in series with a resistance. This greatly simplifies calculations. The voltage source is equal to the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals, and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the original circuit. To find the Thévenin equivalent, we calculate the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, and use those values to determine the equivalent voltage source and resistance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    40 views30 pages

    Open-Circuit Voltage, and Equivalent Resistance

    Uploaded by

    Salim San
    Thévenin's Theorem states that any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from two terminals, is equivalent to a voltage source in series with a resistance. This greatly simplifies calculations. The voltage source is equal to the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals, and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of the original circuit. To find the Thévenin equivalent, we calculate the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, and use those values to determine the equivalent voltage source and resistance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Thévenin’s Theorem

    Any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from two


    terminals of that circuit, is equivalent to a voltage source in series
    with a resistance.
    So if we replace a complex circuit with a Thevenin equivalent, this
    greatly simplifies calculation.

    vTH  open-circuit voltage, and


    RTH  equivalent resistance.
    The voltage source is equal to the open-circuit voltage for the
    two-terminal circuit, and the resistance is equal to the
    equivalent resistance of the circuit.

    vTH  open-circuit voltage, and


    RTH  equivalent resistance.
    A RTH A
    +
    Any circuit
    +
    made up of
    resistors and
    vOC ~ vTH
    -
    sources
    -
    B B

    vTH is the Thevenin voltage. In order to get this, we


    need to find the open-circuit voltage. This the voltage
    for the circuit that we are finding the equivalent of, with
    nothing connected to the circuit. Connecting nothing
    means an open circuit. vTH =voc
    To find RTH , we need to calculate Short-Circuit Current
    When we look at the circuit on the right, we can see
    that the short-circuit current is equal to vTH/RTH vTH
    iSC=
    RTH

    vTH
    If we know the short circuit current iSC, RTH =
    then we can calculate RTH
    iSC

    A RTH A

    Any circuit
    +
    made up of
    resistors and
    iSC ~ vTH
    -
    iSC

    sources

    B B
    Finding the Thévenin Equivalent
    In general in order to find the Thévenin equivalent of a
    circuit:

    1) Find the open circuit voltage, vOC, this will be vTH


    2) Find the short-circuit current, iSC, and
    3) Determine the equivalent resistance, or Thevenin
    Resistance RTH from

    vTH
    RTH =
    iSC
    Example1:
    Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit below to the
    left of the terminals a,b.

    1) Find the open-circuit voltage:

    2i  12i  10i  8(i  15)  0 Mesh current method

     i (2  12  10  8)  (8)(15)  i  3.75 A
    voc  12i  45 V  VTh
    2) RTH calculation: Find the short-circuit current:

    note that the short circuit effectively removes the 12  resistor from
    the circuit:

    Using current division

    8
    isc  15  6 [A]
    12  8
    2) RTH calculation: Find the short-circuit current contd.:
    Find the short-circuit current. Here we use current division,
    noting that the short circuit effectively removes the 12 
    resistor from the circuit:

    isc  6 A, then
    voc 45
    RTh    7.5
    isc 6

    The Thevenin equivalent for this original circuit is shown


    below:
    Example1:
    Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit below to the
    left of the terminals a,b.

    1) Find the open-circuit voltage:

    v1

    We can use node analysis or source transformation.


    Let’s use node analysis
    v1

    NVM

    v1= 32[V]

    Since there is no voltage drop on 4 ohm resistor

    vTH= vAB= v1= 32 [V]


    2) RTH calculation: Find the short-circuit current contd.:
    v1

    NVM

    v2= 16[V] Isc=16/4= 4[A]


    2) RTH calculation using short-circuit current

    vTH 32
    RTH = = = 8 []
    iSC 4
    Shortcut method for finding RTH when there are no
    dependent sources, only independent sources

    If there are no dependent sources in the circuit, do the following:

    1) Deactivate all independent sources: This means a voltage


    source is being replaced by a short circuit and a current source
    replaced by an open circuit.

    2) Using resistor combinations, we calculate the resistance seen


    from the two terminals.
    Previous Example:

    We can apply this to our previous circuit to find RTH since it does not
    include any dependent sources

    Rth=(5 || 20) + 4
    Short
    Open ckt
    ckt Rth= 8 []
    Norton’s Equivalent
    Norton’s Theorem can be stated as follows:

    Any circuit made up of resistors and sources, viewed from


    two terminals of that circuit, is equivalent to a current source
    in parallel with a resistance.

    The current source iN is equal to the short-circuit current for


    the two-terminal circuit, and the resistance is equal to the
    equivalent resistance (Thevenin resistance RTH ) of the circuit.
    As can be seen from the figure on the right, the short circuit
    current equals to Norton current

    iSC = iN
    To find RTH , need to calculate Short-Circuit Current
    When we look at the circuit on the right, we can see
    that the short-circuit current is equal to vTH/RTH vTH
    iSC=
    RTH

    If we know the short circuit current iSC, vTH


    RTH =
    then we can calculate RTH from: iSC

    A RTH A

    Any circuit
    +
    made up of
    resistors and
    iSC ~ vTH
    -
    iSC

    sources

    B B
    Finding the Norton Equivalent
    In general, in order to find the Norton equivalent

    1. Find the short-circuit current, iSC, this will be Norton


    current iN
    2. Find the open circuit voltage, vOC, this will be vTH
     This is needed to find the RTH
    3. Determine the equivalent Determine the equivalent
    resistance, or Thevenin Resistance RTH from
    vTH
    RTH =
    iSC
    Shortcut method for finding RTH when there are no
    dependent sources, only independent sources

    We can apply the shortcut method for finding RTH when there are only
    independent sources. In this case, no need for vOC

    1) Deactivate all independent sources: This means a voltage


    source is being replaced by a short circuit and a current source
    replaced by an open circuit.

    2) Using resistor combinations, we calculate the resistance seen


    from the two terminals.
    Example: Find the Norton
    Equivalent – General method

    a) First we need the short circuit current isc in between the two
    terminals.

    There is no current thru R2 as the voltage across is 0 due to a short


    circuit. If we write a KCL on the right hand side of 5 Ohm resistor.

    i1+2= isc  20/5+2=6A = isc = iN


    b) Find the open circuit voltage, vOC

    𝑣𝑂𝐶 − 20 𝑣𝑂𝐶
    0 = −2 + +
    5 20
    𝑣𝑂𝐶 =24 [V]
    6 = 0.2𝑣𝑂𝐶 + 0.05𝑣𝑂𝐶

    c) Determine Thevenin Resistance RTH

    RTH = vi TH = 24
    6
    = 4 []
    SC

    Norton Equivalent ckt.


    Example contd: Shortcut Method for Thevenin resistance
    We could’ve used the easy method for Rth since there are
    only independent sources:

    a) Zero (kill) all independent sources: Replace voltage source with a


    short, current source with an open

    Same Norton
    Equivalent ckt.
    NOTE:
    If the Thevenin equivalent is available, we can easily obtain the
    Norton Equivalent using the “Source Transformation”

    You can also get the Thevenin Equivalent from Norton equivalent
    as well. This means if you have one of the equivalents, then you
    get the other!
    vTH
    Obtaining Norton Equivalent from Thevenin Equivalent iN=
    RTH
    (using source transformation)

    NOTE: Remember to keep the same polarity

    Obtaining Thevenin Equivalent from Norton Equivalent vTH=iNRTH


    (using source transformation)

    NOTE: Remember to keep the same polarity


    Obtaining Norton or Thevenin Equivalent of a circuit via
    Source Transformations

    In circuits that there are only independent sources, we may just


    use source transformations to obtain Thevenin or Norton
    Equivalents. This works for most cases.

    Example: Obtain Norton Equivalent of this circuit below:


    5||20
    Before we move on to dependent sourced circuits, a small summary:

    Summary:
    1-Thevenin Equivalent (There are no dependent sources:)

    • General Method: Find voc. For RTH calculation get the Isc.
    Find Rth from voc /isc

    • Shortcut Method: Find Voc. Kill independent sources, use


    resistor combinations to get RTH.

    2-Norton Equivalent (There are no dependent sources:)

    • General Method: Find isc. For RTH calculation get the voc.
    Find RTH from voc /isc
    • Shortcut Method: Find isc. Kill independent sources, use
    resistor combinations to get RTH.
    Summary contd:

    3-Source Transformation (works mostly with independent


    sources only circuit:)

    • Using source transformation method, we can obtain


    Thevenin or Norton Equivalents.

    4- Conversion between Thevenin- Norton Equivalents

    • If we know one of the equivalents, we can get the other


    equivalent using single source transformation.
    Special Case

    If the circuit consists only of resistances, these can be combined


    into one to find RTH. In that case, the open circuit voltage and short
    circuit current will be both be 0.

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