DC Circuit Analysis-Part-3

Dc Circuit analysis part-3
2. Methods of circuit analysis---cont.

 Thevenin Theorem
 Norton's Theorem
 Maximum power transfer theorem
1
 Its often occurs in practice that a particular element in a circuit is variable (usually called the load) while
other elements are ﬁxed.
 As a typical example, a household outlet terminal may be connected to different appliances constituting a
variable load. Each time the variable element is changed, the entire circuit has to be analyzed all over
again. To avoid this problem, The venin's theorem provides a technique by which the ﬁxed part of the
circuit is replaced by an equivalent circuit.
 Thevenin theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh.
 where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
2
Steps to find Thevenins eq circuit
1. Remove the load from the circuit.
2. Labeling the resulting terminals as a and b.
3. Set all independent sources in the circuit zero(v=0 short and I=0 Open).
4. Determine the thevnines equivalent resistance Rth by calculating the resistance by calculating the
resistance seen by terminals a and b.
5. Replace the source removed in step (3) and determine Vth.
6. Draw the Thevinen equivalent circuit.
3
Example 30. Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in the left of the terminals a-b.
Then find the current through RL = 6 ohm.
 We find RTh by turning 32 v voltage and 2A current source.
 RTh = (4Ω //12 Ω) + 1 Ω = (4 Ω × 12 Ω) /(16 )+ 1 Ω = 4 Ω
4
5
Problem 1. Use Thevenin theorem find the equivalent circuit to the left of terminal in the circuit in fig below.
Then find i.
6
Example 31.Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network in the shaded area of the network of Fig.
below.
Figure .a
Solution:
Steps 1 and 2 produce the network of Fig. below. Note that the load resistor R4 has been removed and the
two “holding” terminals have been defined as a and b.
7
Step 3: Replacing the voltage source E1 with a short-circuit equivalent yields the network of below , all the
remaining elements turn out to be in parallel, and the network can be redrawn as shown.
They are the two terminals across which the Thévenin resistance is measured
The result is that R1 and R2 are in parallel and the Thévenin resistance is give below
8
Step 4: See Fig's . In this case, the network can be redrawn as shown in Fig. c, and since the voltage is the
same across parallel elements, the voltage across the series resistors R1 and R2 is E1, or 8 V. Applying the
voltage divider rule,
Figure .b Figure. c,
Step 5: Substituting the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the network external to the resistor R4 of Fig. a.
9
Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN.
where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at
the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
10
 The Thevenin and Norton resistances are equal; that is,
 since the two circuits are equivalent. Thus, IN = isc
 To determine the Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit requires that we find:
 The open-circuit voltage Voc across terminals a and b.
 The short-circuit current isc at terminals a and b.
 The equivalent or input resistance Rin at terminals a and b when all independent sources are
turned off.
11
Example 32. Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig. below
 We find RN in the same way we find RTh in the Thevenin equivalent circuit Set the independent
sources equal to zero.
 This from which we find RN. Thus,
12
 To find IN, we short-circuit terminals a and b, as shown in Fig. We ignore the 5- resistor
because it has been short-circuited. Applying mesh analysis,
 i1= 2 A (RULE 1 in mesh analysis with current source)

20i2 − 4i1 − 12v = 0v
From these equations, we obtain i2 = 1A= isc = IN
Alternatively, we may determine IN from VTh/RTh.
We obtain VTh as the open-circuit voltage across terminals a and b in Fig below
13
14
 The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. We
assume that we can adjust the load resistance RL.
 If the entire circuit is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent except for the load, the power delivered to the
load is:  VTh 
2
P  i 2 RL    RL
 RTh  RL 
The power transfer profile with different RL

 Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen
from the load(RL=RTh).
2
VTh
 For maximum power dissipated in RL, Pmax, for a given RTH, and VTH, RL  RTH  Pmax 
4RL
15
Example 32 .Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit of Fig.
Find the maximum power transfer.
 We need to find the Thevenin resistance RTh and the Thevenin voltage VTh across the terminals a-b. Step 1
and 2 : turn off all independent sources and find RTh .
 RTh =( 2 + 3) +( 6 //12) = 5 + (6*12)/18 = 9 ohms.
16
 To get VTh, we consider the circuit . Applying mesh analysis,
−12v + 18i1 − 12i2 = 0, i2 = −2 A.
Solving for i1, we get i1 = −2/3A.
 Applying KVL around the outer loop to get VTh across terminals a-b, we obtain
−12V + 6i1 + 3i2 + 2(0A) + VTh = 0 ⇒ VTh = 22 V
 For maximum power transfer,
RL = RTh = 9
𝑉𝑡ℎ2 (22𝑣)2
The maximum power is 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑅𝐿
= 4∗9Ω
= 13.44 Watt 17
18

DC Circuit Analysis-Part-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Circuit Analysis-Part-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Circuit Analysis-Part-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dc Circuit analysis part-3

2. Methods of circuit analysis---cont.

2. Labeling the resulting terminals as a and b.

5. Replace the source removed in step (3) and determine Vth.

6. Draw the Thevinen equivalent circuit.

 We find RTh by turning 32 v voltage and 2A current source.

 RTh = (4Ω //12 Ω) + 1 Ω = (4 Ω × 12 Ω) /(16 )+ 1 Ω = 4 Ω

 since the two circuits are equivalent. Thus, IN = isc

 To determine the Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit requires that we find:

 The open-circuit voltage Voc across terminals a and b.

 The short-circuit current isc at terminals a and b.

 This from which we find RN. Thus,

 i1= 2 A (RULE 1 in mesh analysis with current source)

Alternatively, we may determine IN from VTh/RTh.

The power transfer profile with different RL

Find the maximum power transfer.

−12v + 18i1 − 12i2 = 0, i2 = −2 A.

Solving for i1, we get i1 = −2/3A.

−12V + 6i1 + 3i2 + 2(0A) + VTh = 0 ⇒ VTh = 22 V

 For maximum power transfer,

You might also like