Telecommunications

and Networks
Telecommunications and
Networks
 Effective communication is essential to
organizational success.
 An unmistakable trend of communications
technology is that more people are able to
send and receive all forms of information
over greater distances at a faster rate.
 The effective use of telecommunications
and networks can turn a company into an
agile, powerful, and creative organization,
giving it a long-term competitive advantage.
Overview of
Telecommunications
Systems
Communications
 Communications

In human speech, the

sender transmits a
signal through the
transmission medium
of the air.
in telecommunication,
the sender transmits
a signal through a
cable or other
telecommunication
medium
Communications
 Synchronous Communication
 In which the receiver gets the message
immediately.
 Voice and phone communications are
examples.
 Asynchronous Communication
 In which the receiver gets the message later
in minutes, hours, or days after it is sent.
 Sending a letter through the Post Office or
E-mail over the Internet are examples.
 Telecommunications devices relay signals between
computer systems and transmission media.

The model starts with a sending unit (1). The sending unit transmits a signal
(2) to a telecommunications device (3). The telecommunications device then
sends the signal through a medium (4). The Telecommunication Medium is
anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending
device and a receiving device. The signal is received by another
telecommunications device (5). The process can then be reversed and
another message can go back from the receiving unit (6)
Communications
 Computer Networks:
 The communications media, devices, and
software needed to connect two or more
computer systems and/or devices.
Telecommunications
Media
Basic Communications Channel
Characteristics

 Simplex channel
 Half-duplex

 Full-duplex channel
Bandwidth

The range of frequencies that an

electronic signal occupies on a given
transmission medium.
Broadband

Telecommunications in which a wide

band of frequencies is available to
transmit information, allowing more
information to be transmitted in a
given amount of time.
Fundamental Law of Information
Theory

The information carrying capacity of a

channel is directly proportional to its
bandwidth - the broader the
bandwidth, the more information that
can be carried.
Types of Media

 Twisted-Pair
 Coaxial Cable

 Fiber-Optic Cable

 Microwave Transmission
 Twisted-Pair Wire Cable

Shielded Twisted Pair Wire Cable.

If the twisted pair cable contains a layer of foil shielding to reduce
interference, it is known as shielded twisted pair (STP) cable.)

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wire Cable.

If it does not contain a layer of foil shielding, it is known as unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) cable and is more susceptible to interference.
 Coaxial Cable

• A copper core used for transmitting the A coaxial cable consists of an inner
signal conductor wire surrounded by insulation,
• A solid layer of nonconductive insulating called the dielectric. The dielectric is
material surrounding the core surrounded by a conductive shield (usually a
layer of foil or metal braiding), which is in turn
• A layer of braided metal that reduces
covered by a layer of non-conductive
interference
insulation, called the jacket. When used for
• An external jacket of lightweight plastic that data transmission, coaxial cable falls in the
covers the internal cable components to middle of the cabling spectrum in terms of
protect them from damage cost and performance.
Fiber Optic Cable

Consisting of many extremely thin

stands of glass or plastic bound
together in a sheathing (a jacket),
transmits signals with light beams.
In a fiber-optic cable, electrical data
signals from network devices are
converted to light pulses before they
are transmitted.
These high-intensity light beams are
generated by lasers and are
conducted along the transparent
fibers. These fibers have a thin
coating, called cladding, which
effectively works like a mirror,
preventing the light from leaking out
of the fiber.
Microwave Transmission
Microwave transmissions are
sent through the atmosphere
and space. Microwave is a
high-frequency radio signal
that is sent through the air.
Microwave transmission is
line-of-sight, which means
that the straight line between
the transmitter and receiver
must be unobstructed.
Microwave dishes must be
placed in relatively high
locations such as atop
mountains, towers, and tall
buildings.
 Satellite Transmission

Communications satellites are relay stations that

receive signals from one earth station and rebroadcast
them to another.
Cellular Transmission

A Typical Cellular Transmission Scenario

Using a cellular car phone, the caller (1) dials the number. The signal is sent
from the car’s antenna to the low-powered cellular antenna located in that cell
(2). The signal is sent to the regional cellular phone switching office, also called
the mobile telephone subscriber office (MTSO) (3). The signal is switched to the
local telephone company switching station located nearest the call destination
(4). Now integrated into the regular phone system, the call is automatically
switched to the number originally dialed (5), all without the need for operator
assistance.
Telecommunications
& Network
Navigation Devices
Telecommunications &
Network Navigation Devices
 Network Adapters
 Modems
 Special-purpose modems
 Multiplexers
 Router
 Gateways
 Switches and bridges
 Repeaters
 Hub
 Network Adapters
 Devices that enable computers to
communicate on a network
 Network interface cards (NICs)
 Network adapters perform three critical
functions.
 Generate network transmission signals
 Create data packets
 Act as information gatekeepers
 Wireless NICs
 Modem
 Modem
 Translating data from digital to analog is called modulation,
and translating data from analog to digital is called
demodulation. Thus, these devices are
modulation/demodulation devices, or Modems.
Multiplexers:
A device that allows several telecommunications
signals to be transmitted over a single communications
medium at the same time.
 Network Navigation Devices
 Bridges
 Connection between two or more
networks at the media access
control portion of the data link
layer; the two networks must use
the same communication protocol.
 Send data on a specific route
through the network
 Switches
 A device that routes or switches
data to its destination. For
example, a gateway may be able
to connect two different
architectures, but a switch may be
able to connect several
 Bridges send data between
collision domains
 Routers
 Send information between two
networks
 Network Navigation Devices

 Repeaters
 Amplify a signal and retransmit it
 Extend cable runs
 Hubs
 Transmit signals; have multiple
ports
• Receive a signal from a
device
• Reconstruct the signal
• Transmit the signal to all
ports on the hub
Network Interconnectivity
Technology
 Gateways
 Connection that operates at or above the OSI
transport layer and links LANs or networks that
employ different, higher-level protocols and allows
networks with very different architectures and using
dissimilar protocols to communicate.
Carriers and Services

 Digital subscriber line (DSL)

 A communications line that uses existing
phone wires going into homes and businesses
to provide transmission speeds exceeding 500
Kbps at cost for per month.
 Integrated Services Digital Network
 ISDN is a technology that uses existing
common-carrier lines to simultaneously
transmit voice, video, and image data in digital
form.
 ISDN also offers high rates of transmission:
the digital service has the capacity to send a
22-page document in about a second!
 Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN)

ISDN
Network
Switching
Networks & Distributed
Processing
Network Concepts and
Considerations
 Network topology
 Ring network
 Bus network
 Star network
 Network types
 Local Area Networks
 Wide Area Networks
 Home and small business networks
 Terminal to Host
 Network Topology: Ring
network

 Nodes are laid out

in a ring
 A token (data
packet) flows in
one direction from
device to device
 Network Topology: Bus
network

 All nodes are connected in

sequence on a single cable
 Networked computers
communicate with each other
 One computer transmits data
at a time
 Becoming obsolete
 Network Topology: Star
network

 Most widely deployed

client/server layout
 Nodes connect to a central
communications device
(switch)
 A node sends a signal to the
switch, which retransmits it to
the other nodes
 A node accepts only
signals addressed to it
Network Types: Client/Server
 Data flows efficiently
 Servers respond to requests
from clients
 Servers perform specific
tasks
 Scalable
 Centralized
Classifications of
Client/Server Networks

 LAN
 Local area
network
 Computers
linked over a
small geographic
area
Classifications of
Client/Server Networks

 WAN
 Wide area network
 Computers linked
over large
geographic areas
 MAN
 Metropolitan area
network
 Computers linked
within a city or
county
 Network Types: Home and
Small Business Networks

Connecting Computing Devices using a Home Network

Network Types: Terminal to
Host
 Servers
 The number and types of servers  Database servers
depend on network size and workload  Provide clients with access to
database information
 Dedicated servers
 E-mail servers
 Perform one specific function
 Process and deliver incoming
 Authentication servers and outgoing
 Keep track of network logins and e-mail
services available  Communications servers
 Handle communications between
 File servers
networks, including the Internet
 Store and manage files
 Often the only device on the
 Print servers network directly connected to the
 Manage client-requested printing Internet
jobs  Web servers
 Create a print queue (prioritize  Host a Web site available through
print jobs) the Internet
 Application servers
 Act as a storage area for
application software
Communications
Software and Protocols
Communications Software
 Network operating systems (NOS)
 That controls the computer system and devices on a network
and allows them to communicate with each other.
 Provide the protocol that controls the communication among
devices on the network
 Many modern OSs include NOS client software
 If your OS does not include NOS client software, it must be
installed on each client.
 Major network operating systems
• Windows Server 2008
• UNIX /Linux Enterprise
• Novell NetWare
 Network management software
 That enables a manager on a networked desktop to monitor the
use of individual computers and shared hardware (like printers)
and scan for viruses.
Communications Protocols

 Protocols are rules that ensure

communications among computers of
different types and from different
manufacturers.
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Ethernet
 Bluetooth
Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model
 A standard model for network architecture that divides
data communications functions into seven distinct
layers to promote the development of modular
networks that simplify the development operation, and
maintenance of complex telecommunication network.

 Application Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Session Layer
 Transport Layer
 Network Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Physical Layer
Application Layer

The application layer provides a

facility for applications to
communicate with the network (e.g.
save files to the network, print files on
a network printer or receive data from
the network.
 Presentation layer

This layer performs transformations on data

to provide a standardized application
interface and to provide common
communication services, such as encryption,
text compression and reformatting (e.g.
EBCDIC code to ASCII code). This layer
provides representation of information, such
as formats, codes, transformation and
encryption.
Session layer

The session layer controls the dialogs

(sessions) between computers. It
establishes the session, conducts the
transfer of data, and terminates the
session once the data transfer is
complete. It establishes check
pointing, termination, restart
procedures
Transport Layer
The transport layer provides reliable and
transparent transfer of the data between end
points, end to end error recovery, and flow
control (windowing) for minimizing any network
congestion issues that may occur upon data
reaching their destination. Its duties include the
following: breaking down a message into
blocks of data called packets or segments;
addressing the packets; forwarding them
across the network; and acknowledging and
resembling them into the original message.
Network layer
The network layer addresses and
delivers packets among networks. This is
done through physical devices, such as
routers, and on the basis of the logical
network address assigned to each
network and the service address of the
destination device network addresses
differentiate one network from all other
networks that may interconnected.
 Data Link Layer
This layer provides for the reliable transfer of data
across a physical link for either LAN or WAN
mediums. It sends blocks of data called frames
using a variety of data link LAN/WAN protocols with
the necessary data fields to provide for
synchronization, bit error detection/correction error
control, and flow control. A unique feature of the
data link layer includes its ability to handle physical
addressing through media access control (MAC
normally assigned to it at the time of manufacture)
addresses for communication with devices
physically linked together in a network.
Physical Layer

This layer physically transmits and

receives all binary information
necessary to establish, maintain,
operate and deactivate the physical link.
Bits are sent and received as either a
digital ‘1’ or ‘0’ or in analog form,
regardless of what they represent.
Communications Protocols

 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol
 The primary communications protocol of the
internet.
 Ethernet
 The most popular communications protocol
often used with local area network. The
Ethernet standard is designed for LAN’s that
use a bus topology; the standard helps
ensure compatibility among devices so that
many people can attach to a common cable
to share network facilities and resources.
 Bluetooth
Telecommunications
and Applications
Telecommunications and
Applications
 Voice mail
 Technology that enables users to leave, receive, and
store verbal messages for and from other people
around the world.
 Electronic software distribution
 Process that involves installing software on a file
server for users to share by signing onto the network
and requesting that the software be downloaded onto
their computers over a network
Telecommunications and
Applications:
VIDEOCONFERENCING

A telecommunication
system that combines
video and phone call
capabilities with data or
document conferencing.
Telecommunications and
Applications: Electronic data
interchange (EDI)

An intercompany,
application-to-application
communication of data in
standard format,
permitting the recipient to
perform the functions of a
standard business
transaction.
Network Security
• Firewalls
• Prevent access to
the network by
unauthorized users
• Composed of
software and/or
hardware
• Screen and validate
data packets
• Bastion host/proxy
server