UNIVERSITAS

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

ANIMAL
PHYSIOLOGY II

OSMOREGULATION
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY 2018

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Definition :

The process by which cells and simple

organisms maintain fluid and electrolyte
balance with their surroundings.

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• If balance is to be maintained,input must equal output
• Body water is distributed between The intracellular and
extracellular fluid compartments.
• In vertebrates, the plasma and interstitial fluid are similar in
composition, but the ECF and ICF are markedly diff erent in all
animals
• Osmotic problems that threaten cells and animals include salinity,
evaporation, ingestion and excretion, freezing, and certain
pathologies
• Animals have evolved two strategies to cope with osmotic
challenges: osmoconforming and osmoregulating

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There are two very different strategies of maintaining osmotic
balance :

1. Osmoconformers:
Body fluids and cells are generally equal in osmotic pressure to the
environment (most commonly salty waters), with adjustments to
both ECF and ICF made using small molecules called osmolytes.

2. Osmoregulators:
The osmotic pressure of body fluids is homeostatically regulated
and typically very different from that of the external environment.

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 Characteristics of Osmoconformer
• An ECF at the same osmotic pressure as seawater (e.g.,1,000
mOsm), dominated by NaCl.
• An ICF with the same osmotic pressure, but due to roughly 400
mOsm of universal solutes (K+macromolecules, and so forth) and
about 600 mOsm of organic osmolytes.
• Chemical type of organic osmolytes :
1. Carbohydrat
2. Free amino acid
3. Methyl amine solute (TMAO)
4. Urea
5. Methylsulfpnium solutes
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b) General categories of responses of animal body
fl uids to variations in external concentrations, with (c) examples
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Strict osmoconformers include most marine Avertebrates and
hagfi sh, which have ECF compositions similar to that of seawater
but ICFs dominated by compatible organic osmolytes such as
Glycine and taurine.

Stenohaline species cannot tolerate major changes in external salinity,

while euryhaline ones can, by regulating Cellular osmolytes to match ECF
and external osmolarity.

Hypoionic osmoconformers, with ECF salt levels less than seawater’s,

Include marine chondrichthyans and coelacanths, which use the
protein-destabilizing osmolyte urea counteracted by the proteinstabilizing
osmolyte trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).

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• Osmoregulators, which maintain a consistent internal osmolarity, rely on
special transport epithelia.
• Hypo-osmotic regulators include most marine vertebrates and some
arthropods, which use ionexcretion tissues such as gills.
• Some osmoregulating vertebrates Have high levels of organic osmolytes,
such as TMAO in deep-sea fishes and urea in estivating lungfish and
frogs.
• Hyperosmotic regulation is found in all freshwater animals, and involves
ion-uptake tissues such as gills, hypotonic urines, and impermeable
integuments.
• Some animals such as salmon alternate Between hyper- and hypo-osmotic
regulation.
• Many terrestrial animals osmoregulate in the face of both low water and
salt availability, using a variety of physiological (e.g., renal) and behavioral
mechanisms

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 Invertebrates in brackish water :
euryhaline: osmoregulator and osmoconformer
Hyperosmotic regulator

All these crustaceans

are osmoregulators:

But at different
osmolarities!

Hypoosmotic regulator

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Osmoregulation of Freshwater organism

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 Marine teleosts- chloride cells
• Operation
• Na/K pump
• Na/Cl/K cotransporter
• Na and Cl transported into seawater

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Chloride cell
(note mitochondria)
 Hewan Diadromous :
migrase between salt and fresh
Anadromous = salt to fresh to reproduce

Lots of salmonids do this

Also some sturgeon
Alewife, striped bass

Catadromous = fresh to salt to reproduce

American eel is the only N. American example

Spawns in the Sargasso sea!

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Chloride cells : Anadromous fish

• Two type ofe Chloride cells : Sea water or Freshwater

• The role of hormone to differentiate CC :
• Cortisol memicu proliferasi sel-sel chloride
• Cortisol + Growth Hormone = seawater type
• Bigger than in FW
• Cortisol + Prolactin = freshwater type

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 Aklimatisation of migratory
Fish
A. FW to SW
1.Decreasing proton pump to NaCl- uptake
2. Increasing influx Na+ to the body  Increasing Na+
plasma, stimulate cortisol plasma & GH
3. Cortisol & GH induce proliferation of Chloride cells and
increase invagination of basolateral membrane
4. Increasing Na+ / K+ pump & NaCl secretion
5. Normality of Na+ Level
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 B. SW to FW

• Gap junction between CC and accessories cell close as a

response to the low level Na+ external, this cause
decreasing of NaCl secretion
• Low level
• Level prolactin plasma increase
• Prolactin cause the number of CC decrease and apical
hole appear
• Decreasing pompa Na+ / K+ pump activity
• Up-regulation proton pump change their condition
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Sel chloride of freshwater and seawater type in
catadromous species

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Correlation between duration of transfer with sodium and
cortisol concentration

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Correlation between duration of transfer with sodium and
cortisol concentration Na+/K+ATPase activity

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 Osmoregulasi – Amfibia Freshwater

• Amphibian solve their

osmoregulation problem
same as freshwater
avertebrate
• Amphibian absorb salt
actively through their
skin

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Osmoregulation of animal air breathe

• At terrestrial: the problem is dehydration by respiration epithelia

• To conserve water lost they have many way:
• Reptilian and sea bird drink sea water to get water, but they
cannot produce concentrated urine. They use salt gland to secret
salt.
• In Human, they cannot seawater, the capacity of renal
elimination is 6 gr Na+/l urin

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 MarineVertebrata : Bird and reptilian

• Salt gland eliminated excess salte

• Salt gland produce very excretedsalt-solution and uric
acid
• Seawater = 470 mmol Na+ /L
• Salt gland of marine bird = 600-1100 mmol Na+ /L

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Regulation Osmotic of Bird and marine turtle

• Bird and marine turtle

have salt gland to
secret concentrated
salt

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ex: marine bird
problem:
• maintain osmolality

solution:
• drink saltwater
• salt glands
• active transport
out of blood 32
 Transport Epithelia
• An example found in salt glands of marine birds
• remove excess sodium chloride from the blood
Nasal salt gland

(a) An albatross’s salt glands

Nostril
empty via a duct into the with salt
nostrils, and the salty solution secretions
either drips off the tip of the
beak or is exhaled in a fine mist. Lumen of
secretory tubule
Vein
(c) The secretory cells actively
Capillary
transport salt from the
Secretory
tubule Artery
blood into the tubules.
NaCl Blood flows counter to the
(b) One of several thousand Transport flow of salt secretion. By
epithelium
secretory tubules in a salt- maintaining a concentration
excreting gland. Each tubule Direction gradient of salt in the tubule
is lined by a transport of salt
(aqua), this countercurrent
movement Blood Secretory cell
epithelium surrounded by flow of transport system enhances salt
capillaries, and drains into epithelium transfer from the blood to
a central duct. Central the lumen of the tubule.
duct 33
Figure 44.7a, b
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 Green Sea Turtle
(Chelonia mydas)

• The primary osmo-regulatory mechanism in

sea turtles is the salt gland

• The surface area: volume ratio is different for

age classes: a 50g immature has greater
surface area, and larger relative salt glands
(0.3% of body size) than a 50 kg subadult
(0.05 –0.1%)
• i.e., osmotic challenge varies by age

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 • Salt glands secrete monovalent ions (Na+), which is
the main constituent of seawater, while renal system
processes bivalent ions (Mg++)

• Sea turtles, marine reptiles & marine birds: super-

Leatherback Sea Turtle saline secretions from salt glands
(Dermochelys coriacea)
• Lacrymal (turtles) – eye secretions
• Nasal (lizards)
• Post-orbital (birds)
• Sublingual or premaxillary (snakes)
• Lingual (crocodiles)

Prange, H.D. 1985. Osmoregulation: water and salt balance in sea turtles Copeia 1985
(3): 771-776. 36

Hudson, D. M. and P. L. Lutz 1986. Salt Gland Function in the Leatherback Sea Turtle,
Dermochelys coriacea Copeia, 1986 (1):247-249
 Osmoregulation of marine mammal

• Marine Mammals have same osmotic problem with

dessert mammals
• Marine Mammals have effective renal which produce
concentrated urine
• Dog marine has surface epithelia of specific noose
ductus like labyrinth. This structure conserve water loss
by respiration
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•
Marine Vertebrates-reptiles and
mammals

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 Osmoregulation of dessert mammals
• There are 2 problems: High thermal and no water
• Decreasing activity, producing concentrated urine and water
reabsorption from feces
• Mayor source of water is metabolic water, water can loss by
respiration (70 %), urine (25 %) and feces (5 %)
• Camel has no sweat
• Camel produces dry feces and concentrated urine. Urine cannot
be produced when there is not water
• Save urea in tissue
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 Osmotic regulation of terrestrial
animal
• Animal terrestrial loss
water by evaporation
through respiration
organ or body surface,
,excretion (urine), dan
elimination (feces).
• Source of water :
drinking, food, and
metabolic water
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 Desert animals
• Get major water savings from simple anatomical features
EXPERIMENT Knut and Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen and their colleagues from Duke University observed that the
fur of camels exposed to full sun in the Sahara Desert could reach temperatures of over 70°C, while the
animals’ skin remained more than 30°C cooler. The Schmidt-Nielsens reasoned that insulation of the skin
by fur may substantially reduce the need for evaporative cooling by sweating. To test this hypothesis, they
compared the water loss rates of unclipped and clipped camels.
RES
ULT
Removing the fur of a camel increased the rate
S
of water loss through sweating by up to 50%.

Water lost per day

(L/100 kg body
CONCLUSION The fur of camels plays a critical role in 3
their conserving water in the hot desert

mass)
environments where they live. 2

0
Control group Experimental group
(Unclipped fur) (Clipped fur)
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 Dehydration
NEGATIVE Concentration of
FEEDBACK circulating blood

Drinking,
Thirst water
Dehydration reflex absorbed by
the colon
Blood
concentration
Blood falls
Less urine +
concentration Hypothalamus
Kidney concentrated
rises Osmoreceptors ADH
urine

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© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS