This document summarizes research on 3D ray tracing and inverse problem approaches. It outlines the ray tracing problem, inverse problem approach, and optimization solver used. It provides a brief historical overview of ray tracing and inverse tomography approaches. Numerical results are presented for ray tracing and inverse problems on synthetic models, demonstrating the method's ability to solve for velocities in layered, laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic, and full waveform inversion problems. The projected spectral gradient optimization solver is shown to efficiently minimize objective functions with low storage requirements.
This document summarizes research on 3D ray tracing and inverse problem approaches. It outlines the ray tracing problem, inverse problem approach, and optimization solver used. It provides a brief historical overview of ray tracing and inverse tomography approaches. Numerical results are presented for ray tracing and inverse problems on synthetic models, demonstrating the method's ability to solve for velocities in layered, laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic, and full waveform inversion problems. The projected spectral gradient optimization solver is shown to efficiently minimize objective functions with low storage requirements.
Original Description:
The projected gradient method for ray tracing and velocity estimation
This document summarizes research on 3D ray tracing and inverse problem approaches. It outlines the ray tracing problem, inverse problem approach, and optimization solver used. It provides a brief historical overview of ray tracing and inverse tomography approaches. Numerical results are presented for ray tracing and inverse problems on synthetic models, demonstrating the method's ability to solve for velocities in layered, laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic, and full waveform inversion problems. The projected spectral gradient optimization solver is shown to efficiently minimize objective functions with low storage requirements.
This document summarizes research on 3D ray tracing and inverse problem approaches. It outlines the ray tracing problem, inverse problem approach, and optimization solver used. It provides a brief historical overview of ray tracing and inverse tomography approaches. Numerical results are presented for ray tracing and inverse problems on synthetic models, demonstrating the method's ability to solve for velocities in layered, laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic, and full waveform inversion problems. The projected spectral gradient optimization solver is shown to efficiently minimize objective functions with low storage requirements.
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Universidad Simón Bolívar
A 3-D Ray Tracing and Inverse
Problem Approach
Debora Cores Carrera
SOVG 2004 Noviembre 14-17, 2004 Universidad Simón Bolívar
OUTLINE
The Ray tracing problem (RT)
The Inverse problem approach (IP)
Brief historical overview
The optimization Solver
Adavantages of the solver
Numerical Results for RT and IP
Full waveform inversion
Conclusions Universidad Simón Bolívar The Ray Tracing Problem Xr 2 n 1 dl li Minimize TXX r s Xs v( x, y, z ) i 2 vi v ( x , y , z ) is the group velocity and dl is the differential along the ray l2
The number of layers is given by n Universidad Simón Bolívar
Tomography Inverse problem
1 Minimize || Tobs T (v ) ||22 T (v ) (T1 (v ),...Tnr (v )) T
l vu 2
l 2j l 5j 2 n 1 j l T j (v ) i
l 3j l 4j i 2 vi Universidad Simón Bolívar Brief Historical Overview
•H. Jacob (1970) •Prothero et al. (1988) •R.L. Wesson (1970-1971) •Mao and Stuard (1997) •Julian and Gubbins (1970-1971) •Cores et al. (2000) •Pereyra et al. (1980) Universidad Simón Bolívar Brief Historical Overview Inverse tomography Approaches Reconstruction Techniques Damped Gauss Newton
•Dines and Lytle •Bishop et al. (1985)
(1979) •Chiu et al. (1986) •Ivansson (1983) •Zhu and Brown (1987) •Lines and Treitel •Farra and Madariaga (1984) (1988)
Conjugate Gradient type methods
Pica et al. (1990)
•Michelena et al. (1993) Universidad Simón Bolívar
The Optimization Approach used for solving both Problems
The Projected Spectral Gradient (PSG)
Method (Raydan et al. (2000))
Considered a low cost •Local Storage requirements
and storage technique as •Few floating point operations any of the extensions of per iteration conjugate gradient methods (Polak-Ribiere, •Fast Local Convergence Hestenes-Stiefel) for a •Do not require to solve a nonlinear optimization linear system of equation per problem. iteration Universidad Simón Bolívar Projected Spectral Gradient (PSG) Min f (x) Method s. t. l xu 1. Given x0 n , 0 and M 0 2. If || P( x k g k ) xk || 0 , stop 3. Compute d k P( xk k g k ) xk and set 1 : 4. If f ( xk 1 ) max f ( xk j ) gkT dk , then 0 j min{ k , M 1} k , xk 1 xk k dk , yk gk 1 gk , sk xk 1 xk go to step 5 skT sk 5. k 1 T sk y k
Where: P is the projection on {x n / l x u} and g k f ( xk )
Universidad Simón Bolívar Advantages of the Optimization Approach 1. The projection over is simple and has low computational cost 2. The objective function is not monotonicaly decreasing because of step lenght and the non monotone line search (step 4). Implying less function evaluations to converge from any initial point (Global convergence). 3. The step size k is not the classical choice for the steepest descent method. It speeds up the convergence of the PSG method. 4. The PSG method is related to the Quasi Newton methods. It can be view as a two point method. 5. The PSG method is competitive and many times out performs the extensions of CG methods (CONMIN and PR+) 6. The method converge to the global minimun if we have an stratified and dipped model with constant velocity between layers Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for Ray Tracing
5 layer synthetic model where P-S converted waves velocities are considered Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for Ray Tracing
1. 157 recievers and 3
sources randomly genereted at the surface. 2. The average CPU time for 1 shot is 3 s (from different initial rays). 3. Convergence to the global minimum is obtained.
5 layer synthetic model where P-S converted wave velocities are considered Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for Ray Tracing 1. 157 recievers and 5 sources randomly generated at the surface. 2. Lateral heterogeneous model : v( x, y ) ax by c, a (0,1.7,1.5,1.3,0.8,0.8,1.3,1.5,1.7)T , b (0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)T , c (0,800,700,500,150,150,500,700,800)T
3. We can not guarantee
convergence to the global minumum. 4. The average CPU time for the first shot was 50 s (from different initial rays).
4 layer synthetic lateral heterogeneous model of complex stratigraphy
Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for Ray Tracing We consider a 5 layer ellipsoidal anisotropic medium,where the velocities are given by the formula:
1 1 (zi' ) 2 (xi' ) 2 (yi' ) 2
, vi li ((vz , j ) i ) 2 ((v[ x , z ], j ) i ) 2 ((v[ x , y ], j ) i ) 2 xi' xi cos(i ) cos( i ) yi sin( i ) cos(i ) zi sin( i ), yi' xi sin( i ) yi cos( i ), zi' xi sin( i ) cos( i ) yi sin( i ) sin( i ) zi cos(i ),
Where i and i denote the polar and azimuthal rotation angles in the layer i, and j=P,SV,SH, i=1,2,...,2n+1 If the medium is an stratified or dipped model, the approach converges to a global minimum Universidad Simón Bolívar
Numerical Results for Ray Tracing
157 receivers at the surface and 1 source in the origen.
(vz , p )i 1500 100 * i m / s,
(v[ x , z ], p )i 1200 50 * i m / s, (v[ x , y ], p )i 1350 80 * i m / s, (vz , s )i 1400 100 * (n 3 i ) m / s, (v[ x , z ], s )i 1000 50 * (n 3 i ) m / s, (v[ y , z ], s )i 1150 80 * (n 3 i ) m / s for i=2,...,n+1
5 layer synthetic ellipsoidal anisotropic medium
Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for the tomography inversion Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for the tomography inversion Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for the tomography inversion
We fixed CPU time and the
grid size (500x500) to observe the reduction in the gradient and the residual during that period of time Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for the tomography inversion
We used a (20x20) Real velocities Initial velocities
grid size to measure The initial velocities have an error of 50% from the real velocities the precision of PR+ and PSG
Final velocities (PSG) Final velocities (PR+)
The quality of the solution by the 2 methods are almost the same Universidad Simón Bolívar Numerical Results for the tomography inversion
1. SIRT has low computational cost per iteration but requires too many iterations and therefore consumes more CPU time. 2. PSG, PR+ and CONMIN reach quickly a good precision (10e-03) when compared to SIRT and Gauss Newton methods. 3. Gauss Newton is fast, in CPU time, for very small size of the grid. 4. The PSG and PR+ methods outperform CONMIN for very large problems. 5. The PSG method is always slightly faster , in CPU time, than PR+. Universidad Simón Bolívar Conclusions
1. The PSG method is a simple, global and fast method for
large scale problems (Example: inversion and ray tracing). 2. The PSG method reachs quickly to a good precision (For example 10e-02 or 10e-03). 3. The PSG method only requires firts order information. 4. The PSG method does not require exhastive line search which implies less function evaluations per iteration. 5. We also used the method for Full waveform inversion, obtaining very good results. Universidad Simón Bolívar Full waveform inversion (for Modified Marmousi model)
