Pengenalan Geologi Struktur
Pengenalan Geologi Struktur
Pengenalan Geologi Struktur
a b
a
A. Rigid Body B. Rigid Body
Translation Rotation
f
f c
b
e d
c
a b
d
C. Original Object f c
E. Nonrigid Deformation
by Distortion
e d
a b
a b
f c f c
e d
D. Nonrigid Deformation e d
by Dilation
(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
Analisis Dinamika
• Tujuan dari analisis dinamika adalah :
– Menginterpretasi gaya (F) yang menyebabkan deformasi
– Menjabarkan sifat-sifat gaya yang menghasilkan stress
– Mengevaluasi hubugan antara stress, strain dan kekuatan batuan.
• Translasi, rotasi, distorsi dan dilation adalah respon batuan terhadap
stress yang disebakan oleh gaya (F)
• Gaya (F) adalah suatu vektor yang mempunyai besaran dan arah.
• Hukum Newton I dan II (F = m x a); m =/V ( = density)
• Jenis gaya : Body dan Surface Force
• Body force = bekerja pada massa batuan yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh
gaya disekitarnya contohnya gaya gravitasi dan elektromagnetik
• Surface force = gaya yang bekerja pada suatu permukaan
15-2a
BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS
• Elastic : Returns to original shape after
stress is released, removed or reduced, to
a limit (elastic limit).
• Plastic : Bends under stress and does not
return to original shape after stress
released.
• Brittle : Breaks or fractures at stresses
higher than elastic limit.
BEHAVIOR
Elastic
15-4
breaks flows
15-2b http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html
Relationship Between Fault Plane and
Orientation of Principal Stress (S)
Smax = s1
SInt = s2
Smin = s3
s1 > s2 > s3
Lowell (1985)
Anderson’s Dynamic Fault Classification
FAULT GEOMETRIES AND CLASSIFICATION
• Separation Classification
• Slip Classification
Dip-slip
faults
Foot wall
block Foot wall
block
A. Normal B. Thrust C. Right-lateral, or dextral D. Left-lateral, or sinistral
Oblique- Rotational
slip faults
faults
E. Sinistral-normal F. Sinistral-reverse G.
Deformasi Kerak Bumi
s3
s1
15-23
DIP-SLIP FAULTS
• Normal : Hanging wall moves down
relative to the foot wall.
– Tensional stress, pulling apart, divergent
plate boundaries
• Reverse : Hanging wall moves up
relative to the foot wall.
– Compressive stress, convergent plate
boundaries
• Thrust : Low-angle reverse fault
LOW ANGLE REVERSE FAULT
( THRUST FAULT )
LOW ANGLE REVERSE FAULT
( THRUST FAULT )
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Inversi Fault
Normal Fault
Normal
Fault
Normal Fault (Graben)
Normal Fault
Normal
Fault
Normal Fault (Half Graben)
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Strike Slip
Fault
RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
STRIKE SLIP
FAULTS
Strike Slip
Fault
Remote Sensing : Semangko Fault
FOLDS
• Fold : bend or wave-like feature in layered
rock, from plastic behavior of stress
• Anticline : Upward arching fold
• Syncline : Downward arching fold
• Hinge Line : Axis of the fold of the folded
layer
• Axial Plane : Plane with all of the hinge lines
of a fold
• Limb : Portion of layer between hinge lines
FOLDS
FOLDS
Structural basin -
downward arching
circular structure.
15-16
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
OUTCROPS
OUTCROPS
REGIONAL SCALE FOLDS
OUTCROP SCALE FOLDS
OUTCROP SCALE FOLDS
REGIONAL SCALE FOLDS (PAPUA)
Pegunungan Lipatan
Morfologi dari Fold Belt
JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
Tiga jenis struktur geologi yang terobservasi dari lapangan yaitu :
Bidang Kontak, Stuktur Primer dan Struktur Sekunder
GEOMECHANICAL PROBLEMS
DATA SEISMIK
SEISMIC DATA
BALANCING CROSS-SECTION
3D-RECONSTRUCTION
ANALOGUE MODELING
ANALOGUE MODELING
RECONSTRUCTION
PETROLEUM TRAPS
• Salt
Dome
• Normal
Faults
• Anticline
PETROLEUM TRAPS
ANTICLINE
Plate Tectonic and Basin Development
Subduction Zone
Siberia
Baikal
Japan
Mongolia
si
an
Sh
lt
Fau
gh China
Ta
Ka ult
n
Al t y
Fa
ra
Ka
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Yu gt
ru
Tibet nn
i ng
m
an
H
m
Fau
i
al
ay Re
an
lt
f ro n d
ta l Thr us t Ri
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rF
ault
China
Sea
India Indochina
Plate motion Bu
rm
an
Borneo
Ar
c
B
40 mm
A