Pengenalan Geologi Struktur

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Involving students in learning is not a new concept

Tell me, and I will forget.


Show me and I will remember.
Involve me, and I will understand.
- Confucius, 450 B.C -
Basic Concepts of Structural Geology

• Introduction of structural geology


• The concept of stress and strain
• Deformation and deformed rocks
• Fracture systems and classifications
• Fault systems and classifications
• Fold and others class of structures
• Tectonic regimes
REFERENCES
Davis, G. H. and Reynolds, S. J., 1996, Structural Geology of Rock and Regions :
2nd edition, John and Wiley and Sons, Inc., 776 p.
Keary, P., and Vine, F. J., 1990, Global Tectonics; Blackwell Scientific Pub.
Lowell, J. D., 1985, Structural Styles in Petroleum Exploration : OGCI
Publication, 480 p.
Means, W. D., 1976, Stress and Strain: Basic Concepts of Continuum Mechanics
for Geologists : Springer – Verlag, New York, 339p.
Mial, D. A., 1984, Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis : Springer – Verlag, p.
367 - 468.
Park, R. G., 1988, Geological Structures and Moving Plates : Blackie, Glasgow
and London, 337 p.
Price, N. J. and Cosgrove, 1990, Analysis of Geological Structures : Cambridge
University press, 502 p.
Suppe, J., 1985, Principles of Structural Geology : Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 537p.
Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E. M., 1992, Structural Geology : W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 532 p.
Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E. M., 1992, Tectonics : W. H. Freeman and Company, New
York, 532 p.

Additional sources : AAPG, GSA, JSG, GSP


SILABUS GL-3111
• PRINSIP DASAR DAN DESKRIPSI
• MEKANISME STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
• STRESS
• STRAIN
• ROCK PROPERTY
• MEKANISME DEFORMASI
• JENIS-JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
• REKAHAN (FRACTURES / JOINTS)
• SESAR (FAULTS)
• PERLIPATAN (FOLDS)
• ANALISIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
• APLIKASI STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
Geologi Struktur
• Geologi struktur adalah ilmu yang mempelajari batuan yang mengalami
deformasi dan merupakan lapisan bagian atas dari bumi.
• Kata structure berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti membangun.
• Deformasi atau deformation adalah proses yang merubah bentuk atau
ukuran dari batuan yang diakibatkan oleh stress dan meninggalkan hasil
yang permanen (strain).
• Deformation = Distorsi + Dilatasi +Translasi + Rotasi
• Kondisi deformasi : 1. Brittle 2. Ductile
• Metoda untuk mempelajari geologi struktur :
• Outcrop / singkapan Field (lapangan)
• Laboratorium Pemodelan Fisik
• Teoritical Pemodelan Numerik
• Skala observasi (micro-meso-macroscopic, regional, global)
Analisis Struktur Geologi
• Metoda analisis data struktur geologi
– Analisis Deskripsi
– Analisis Kinematika
– Analisis Dinamika
• Analisis deskripsi : merupakan hasil langsung observasi lapangan,
laboratorium untuk unsur struktur (karakter fisik, orientasi, dll.)
– Skala observasi
– Unsur struktur terdiri atas geometrik dan fisik
• Analisis Kinematika : menganalisa perubahan pada batuan akibat
deformasi termasuk pergerakan dan perubahan bentuk (strain).
• Analisis Dinamika : menginterpretasi gaya, stress dan mekanika
yang mengakibatkan struktur geologi.
• Teknik dalam struktur geologi : orientasi data, Pemetaan &
Penampang geologi, urutan stratigrafi, metoda graphis, geofisika
Analisis Kinematika
• Kinematika adalah analisa pergerakan yang terjadi pada
saat deformasi batuan di semua skala
• Deformasi = Translasi + Rotasi + Dilation + Distorsi
• Rigid Deformation = bentuk dan ukuran konstan
• Non-Rigid Deformation = perubahan bentuk dan ukuran
• Strain adalah perubahan bentuk dan ukuran benda akibat
pengaruh stress
• Translasi = pergerakan titik secara sejajar
• Rotasi = pergerakan titik dengan suatu sumbu putar
• Sumbu putar (arah dan besaran)
• Arah rotasi (searah atau berlawanan arah jarum jam)
• Besar rotasi (dalam derajat)
Analisis Kinematika
D = T + R + Dl + Ds

D = Total deformasi, T = Translasi, R = Rotasi


Dl = Dilation (perubahan volume), Ds = Distorsion (perubahan bentuk)
Jenis Deformasi : Rigid dan Non-Rigid
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
Kinematic analysis is the reconstruction of movements

a b

a
A. Rigid Body B. Rigid Body
Translation Rotation

f
f c

b
e d

c
a b

d
C. Original Object f c

E. Nonrigid Deformation
by Distortion
e d
a b
a b

f c f c
e d
D. Nonrigid Deformation e d
by Dilation
(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
Analisis Dinamika
• Tujuan dari analisis dinamika adalah :
– Menginterpretasi gaya (F) yang menyebabkan deformasi
– Menjabarkan sifat-sifat gaya yang menghasilkan stress
– Mengevaluasi hubugan antara stress, strain dan kekuatan batuan.
• Translasi, rotasi, distorsi dan dilation adalah respon batuan terhadap
stress yang disebakan oleh gaya (F)
• Gaya (F) adalah suatu vektor yang mempunyai besaran dan arah.
• Hukum Newton I dan II (F = m x a); m =/V ( = density)
• Jenis gaya : Body dan Surface Force
• Body force = bekerja pada massa batuan yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh
gaya disekitarnya contohnya gaya gravitasi dan elektromagnetik
• Surface force = gaya yang bekerja pada suatu permukaan

• Note : Intensitas gaya tergantung pada area di mana gaya


tersebut bekerja.
Geologi Struktur
 Bidang Kontak
 Bidang ketidakselarasan
 Intrusi (dike, sill, batolit, lakolit)
 Struktur Primer
 Bidang Perlapisan
 Struktur Sedimen
 Struktur Sekunder
 Kekar, Sesar dan Perlipatan
 Cleavage, Foliasi dan Lineasi
STRESS AND STRAIN
• Stress : Forces action on rocks
– Compressive - Pushing together
– Tensional - Pulling apart
– Shear - Parallel but opposite forces

• Strain : Change in size or shape due to stress


– Plastic vs Brittle
Basic Fundamental Structural Geology

STRESS (s) AND STRAIN (e)

“As Geologist I don’t believe in stress (John Ramsay)”


STRESS AND STRAIN
STRESS AND STRAIN
COMPRESSIVE STRESS & STRAIN
TENSIONAL STRESS & STRAIN

15-2a
BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS
• Elastic : Returns to original shape after
stress is released, removed or reduced, to
a limit (elastic limit).
• Plastic : Bends under stress and does not
return to original shape after stress
released.
• Brittle : Breaks or fractures at stresses
higher than elastic limit.
BEHAVIOR

Elastic

15-4
breaks flows

15-2b http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html
Relationship Between Fault Plane and
Orientation of Principal Stress (S)

Smax = s1
SInt = s2
Smin = s3

s1 > s2 > s3

Lowell (1985)
Anderson’s Dynamic Fault Classification
FAULT GEOMETRIES AND CLASSIFICATION

• Anderson’s Dynamic Fault Classification

• Separation Classification

• Slip Classification

Dip-slip Hanging wall Hanging wall


faults block block

Dip-slip
faults

Foot wall
block Foot wall
block
A. Normal B. Thrust C. Right-lateral, or dextral D. Left-lateral, or sinistral
Oblique- Rotational
slip faults
faults

E. Sinistral-normal F. Sinistral-reverse G.
Deformasi Kerak Bumi

- Pengertian tentang deformasi


dan proses yang terjadi
pada kerak bumi

- Jenis struktur geologi :


(rekahan, sesar dan lipatan)
RECONSTRUCTIONS
FRACTURES
• Fracture : a break in rock due to brittle
behavior to stress

• Joint : A fracture with no displacement


– Joint Sets : multiple joints oriented parallel to
one another, in response to regional stress

• Fault : A fracture with displacement


Formation of Fractures
s3 s1
s1 s1
s3

s3
s1

A. Tension B. Longitudinal C. Extension D. Conjugate


fracture splitting fracture shear fracture

Relationship between fracture types and stress from rock experiments


FRACTURES
& JOINT
SETS
FRACTURES AND JOINTS
FRACTURED ROCKS
FAULTS
• Dip-Slip Fault : movement is parallel to
the dip of the fault (up and down)
• Strike-Slip Fault : movement is
perpendicular to the dip of the fault
(back and forth)
• Oblique-Slip Fault : combination of dip-
slip and strike-slip
• Hanging Wall & Foot Wall : Hanging
wall is over the foot wall
FAULTS
HANGING & FOOT WALL

15-23
DIP-SLIP FAULTS
• Normal : Hanging wall moves down
relative to the foot wall.
– Tensional stress, pulling apart, divergent
plate boundaries
• Reverse : Hanging wall moves up
relative to the foot wall.
– Compressive stress, convergent plate
boundaries
• Thrust : Low-angle reverse fault
LOW ANGLE REVERSE FAULT
( THRUST FAULT )
LOW ANGLE REVERSE FAULT
( THRUST FAULT )
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Inversi Fault
Normal Fault
Normal
Fault
Normal Fault (Graben)
Normal Fault
Normal
Fault
Normal Fault (Half Graben)
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Strike Slip
Fault
RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
STRIKE SLIP
FAULTS
Strike Slip
Fault
Remote Sensing : Semangko Fault
FOLDS
• Fold : bend or wave-like feature in layered
rock, from plastic behavior of stress
• Anticline : Upward arching fold
• Syncline : Downward arching fold
• Hinge Line : Axis of the fold of the folded
layer
• Axial Plane : Plane with all of the hinge lines
of a fold
• Limb : Portion of layer between hinge lines
FOLDS
FOLDS

Deformation caused primarily by compression stress


acting on ductile rocks.
http://www.uta.edu/geology/Geohomepage/98%20research.htm
FOLDS
PLUNGING
FOLDS
DOMES &
BASINS
Structural dome -
upward arching circular
structure.

Structural basin -
downward arching
circular structure.

15-16
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
Salah satu contoh perlipatan
OUTCROPS
OUTCROPS
REGIONAL SCALE FOLDS
OUTCROP SCALE FOLDS
OUTCROP SCALE FOLDS
REGIONAL SCALE FOLDS (PAPUA)
Pegunungan Lipatan
Morfologi dari Fold Belt
JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
Tiga jenis struktur geologi yang terobservasi dari lapangan yaitu :
Bidang Kontak, Stuktur Primer dan Struktur Sekunder

Bidang Kontak adalah batas antar jenis batuan, yang mencerminkan


suatu proses geologi. Bidang kontak : kontak sedimentasi (normal),
ketidakselarasan, kontak intrusi, kontak tektonik berupa bidang
sesar atau zona sesar

Struktur Primer adalah struktur dalam batuan yang berkembang


pada saat atau bersamaan dengan proses pembentukannya. Pada
umumnya struktur ini merefleksikan kondisi lokal dari lingkungan
pengendapan batuan tersebut. Contohnya bidang perlapisan pada
batuan sedimen struktur sedimen seperti gradded-bedding, cross-
bedding, ripple marks dan curent ripples pada batupasir. Struktur
kekar kolom, ropy dan vesicular (gas vesicle) pada lava.

Catatan : Struktur primer dalam batuan sedimen akan mengikuti


hukum-hukum dasar sedimentologi, misalnya superposisi dan
kesinambungan lateral.
Singkapan Batuan
Struktur Sedimen
STRUKTUR PRIMER
JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
Struktur Sekunder adalah struktur yang terbentuk akibat gaya
(force) setelah proses pembentukan batuan tersebut, baik itu
batuan beku, batuan sedimen maupun batuan metamorf.

Struktur sekunder terdiri dari :


• Fractures
• Joint
• Shear Fractures (kekar gerus)
• Slickensides (gores-garis)
• Vein
• Fault (sesar)
• Fold (perlipatan)
• Cleavage
• Foliasi
• Lineasi
STRUKTUR SEKUNDER
GEOLOGIC MAPS
• Map : Surficial two-dimensional
representation of the underlying geologic
structures with the use of standard symbols
and patterns
• Cross-Section : Vertical slice through the
earth, like a road cut in the mountains.
• Fence Diagram : Several cross-sections in a
area from different views
• Block Diagram : Geologic Map with two
Cross-Sections
GEOLOGIC SYMBOLS
• Strike : Compass direction of a line formed
by the intersection of an included plane with
the horizontal plane (faults, joints, foliation,
bedding plane, etc.)

• Dip : Angle between the inclined plane and


the horizontal plane (perpendicular to
strike). Includes direction (compass
direction) and angle (from horizontal)
GEOLOGIC MAPS
• Strike and Dip
• Dipping Sedimentary Rocks
• Symbol :
– Long line, Strike referred to North, not written
N15°W, N85°E, N45°E,
– Short Line, perpendicular to Strike, Dip
direction
– Dip Angle : 10°, 45°, 80°
STRIKE
& DIP
STRIKE & DIP
GEOLOGIC MAP
and section
APLIKASI STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
SUBSURFACE DATA

GEOMECHANICAL PROBLEMS
DATA SEISMIK
SEISMIC DATA
BALANCING CROSS-SECTION
3D-RECONSTRUCTION
ANALOGUE MODELING
ANALOGUE MODELING
RECONSTRUCTION
PETROLEUM TRAPS

• Salt
Dome
• Normal
Faults
• Anticline
PETROLEUM TRAPS

ANTICLINE
Plate Tectonic and Basin Development

Strike-slip Fault Motions with Respect


to Siberia
Normal Fault

Thrust Fault Direction of Extension

Subduction Zone
Siberia

Baikal

Japan
Mongolia

si
an
Sh
lt
Fau
gh China
Ta

Ka ult
n
Al t y

Fa
ra
Ka

ko
n
Yu gt

ru
Tibet nn

i ng
m
an

H
m

Fau
i
al
ay Re
an

lt
f ro n d
ta l Thr us t Ri
ve
rF
ault
China
Sea
India Indochina

Plate motion Bu
rm
an
Borneo

Ar
c
B
40 mm
A

Plate Reconstruction Indentation Theory

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